{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1981343390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a2041350","title":"CADrx for GBM Brain Tumors: Predicting Treatment Response from Changes in Diffusion-Weighted MRI","display_name":"CADrx for GBM Brain Tumors: Predicting Treatment Response from Changes in Diffusion-Weighted MRI","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1981343390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a2041350","mag":"1981343390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a2041350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a2041350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/2/4/1350/pdf?version=1258472365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/2/4/1350/pdf?version=1258472365","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066091819","display_name":"Jing Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8504-455X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022893665","display_name":"Kazunori Okada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4060-2829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazunori Okada","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco State University Computer Science Department, Thornton Hall 911, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132-4163, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco State University Computer Science Department, Thornton Hall 911, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132-4163, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355162","display_name":"Han Jo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7880-690X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun J. Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025556377","display_name":"Whitney B. Pope","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4803-1992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Whitney B. Pope","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045343022","display_name":"Jonathan Goldin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3007-9947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan G. Goldin","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112729705","display_name":"Jeffrey Alger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey R. Alger","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087263570","display_name":"Matthew S. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0575-3696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew S. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066091819"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.78727831,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73015363,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"1350","last_page":"1367"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11885","display_name":"MRI in cancer diagnosis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11885","display_name":"MRI in cancer diagnosis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-diffusion-coefficient","display_name":"Effective diffusion coefficient","score":0.7280349135398865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.6597034335136414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion-mri","display_name":"Diffusion MRI","score":0.6004965901374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.5868419408798218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-tumor","display_name":"Brain tumor","score":0.5504246950149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glioblastoma","display_name":"Glioblastoma","score":0.5033771395683289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.474933922290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.46549805998802185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4102003574371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-medicine","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","score":0.40206947922706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.39169245958328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3513936400413513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.23139044642448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.21343272924423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-research","display_name":"Cancer research","score":0.09521594643592834}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70816921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258852","display_name":"Effective diffusion coefficient","level":3,"score":0.7280349135398865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.6597034335136414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149550507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899360","display_name":"Diffusion MRI","level":3,"score":0.6004965901374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.5868419408798218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779130545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233309","display_name":"Brain tumor","level":2,"score":0.5504246950149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776194525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282142","display_name":"Glioblastoma","level":2,"score":0.5033771395683289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.474933922290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.46549805998802185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4102003574371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.40206947922706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.39169245958328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3513936400413513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.23139044642448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.21343272924423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.09521594643592834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a2041350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a2041350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/2/4/1350/pdf?version=1258472365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4547899fe7184ee3882c5eb579a77f6e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4547899fe7184ee3882c5eb579a77f6e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 2, Iss 4, Pp 1350-1367 (2009)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a2041350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a2041350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/2/4/1350/pdf?version=1258472365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1981343390.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1981343390.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W192658229","https://openalex.org/W1504175076","https://openalex.org/W1513732820","https://openalex.org/W1517787142","https://openalex.org/W1554663460","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1676308325","https://openalex.org/W1930624869","https://openalex.org/W1974166884","https://openalex.org/W1980963316","https://openalex.org/W1983635626","https://openalex.org/W1995642009","https://openalex.org/W1998866882","https://openalex.org/W2004510158","https://openalex.org/W2007656148","https://openalex.org/W2016967485","https://openalex.org/W2057318393","https://openalex.org/W2070540496","https://openalex.org/W2075633000","https://openalex.org/W2096579040","https://openalex.org/W2098056602","https://openalex.org/W2099059965","https://openalex.org/W2102860796","https://openalex.org/W2104787607","https://openalex.org/W2109928907","https://openalex.org/W2112522939","https://openalex.org/W2115964253","https://openalex.org/W2125101937","https://openalex.org/W2125428712","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2133467637","https://openalex.org/W2136291686","https://openalex.org/W2143496385","https://openalex.org/W2145073242","https://openalex.org/W2150654863","https://openalex.org/W2163380389","https://openalex.org/W2171890357","https://openalex.org/W2336136491","https://openalex.org/W2799061466","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2966207845","https://openalex.org/W4244311468","https://openalex.org/W4388297464","https://openalex.org/W6674703513","https://openalex.org/W6678981407","https://openalex.org/W6681137872","https://openalex.org/W6681651645"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052253960","https://openalex.org/W2933320214","https://openalex.org/W3042956533","https://openalex.org/W4226100381","https://openalex.org/W3172170756","https://openalex.org/W3030304356","https://openalex.org/W4229779698","https://openalex.org/W1975124905","https://openalex.org/W2175718430","https://openalex.org/W1981343390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,63,205,229],"goal":[1],"of":[2,17,52,112,121,170,182,225,236,276,286],"this":[3,115,142],"study":[4],"was":[5,231],"to":[6,54,76,98,110,133,141],"develop":[7],"a":[8,167,199,234],"computer-aided":[9],"therapeutic":[10],"response":[11,20,38,56],"(CADrx)":[12],"system":[13],"for":[14,21,223],"early":[15],"prediction":[16],"drug":[18],"treatment":[19,135],"glioblastoma":[22],"multiforme":[23],"(GBM)":[24],"brain":[25,91],"tumors":[26,92],"with":[27,233,239],"diffusion":[28,65],"weighted":[29],"(DW)":[30],"MR":[31],"images.":[32],"In":[33,114],"conventional":[34],"Macdonald":[35],"assessment,":[36],"tumor":[37,85,130,145,184,253],"is":[39],"assessed":[40],"nine":[41],"weeks":[42,60,193],"or":[43,227],"more":[44],"post-treatment.":[45],"However,":[46],"we":[47,117],"will":[48],"investigate":[49],"the":[50,80,99,119,183,273,279,283],"ability":[51],"DW-MRI":[53],"assess":[55],"earlier,":[57],"at":[58],"five":[59,192],"post":[61],"treatment.":[62],"apparent":[64],"coefficient":[66],"(ADC)":[67],"map,":[68],"calculated":[69],"from":[70,126,160,188],"DW":[71],"images,":[72],"has":[73],"been":[74],"shown":[75],"reveal":[77],"changes":[78,125],"in":[79,89,243,272],"tumor\u2019s":[81],"microenvironment":[82],"preceding":[83],"morphologic":[84],"changes.":[86],"ADC":[87,131,164,180],"values":[88],"treated":[90],"could":[93],"theoretically":[94],"both":[95,189],"increase":[96],"due":[97,109],"cell":[100,105],"kill":[101],"(and":[102],"thus":[103],"reduced":[104],"density)":[106],"and":[107,128,158,191,196,247,261,278],"decrease":[108],"inhibition":[111],"edema.":[113],"study,":[116],"investigated":[118],"effectiveness":[120],"features":[122,207,213],"that":[123],"quantify":[124],"pre-":[127,190],"post-treatment":[129,194],"histograms":[132,181],"detect":[134],"response.":[136],"There":[137],"are":[138],"three":[139],"parts":[140],"study:":[143],"first,":[144],"regions":[146],"were":[147,186,214,221],"segmented":[148],"on":[149,252],"T1w":[150,161],"contrast":[151],"enhanced":[152],"images":[153,162,165],"by":[154,166,198],"Otsu\u2019s":[155],"thresholding":[156],"method,":[157],"mapped":[159],"onto":[163],"3D":[168],"region":[169,185],"interest":[171],"(ROI)":[172],"mapping":[173],"tool":[174],"using":[175,267],"DICOM":[176],"header":[177],"information;":[178],"second,":[179],"extracted":[187],"scans,":[195],"fitted":[197],"two-component":[200],"Gaussian":[201],"mixture":[202],"model":[203],"(GMM).":[204],"GMM":[206],"as":[208,210],"well":[209],"standard":[211],"histogram-based":[212],"extracted.":[215],"Finally,":[216],"supervised":[217],"machine":[218,264],"learning":[219],"techniques":[220],"applied":[222],"classification":[224,265],"responders":[226],"non-responders.":[228],"approach":[230],"evaluated":[232],"dataset":[235],"85":[237],"patients":[238],"GBM":[240],"under":[241,282],"chemotherapy,":[242],"which":[244],"39":[245],"responded":[246],"46":[248],"did":[249],"not,":[250],"based":[251],"volume":[254],"reduction.":[255],"We":[256],"compared":[257],"adaBoost,":[258],"random":[259],"forest":[260],"support":[262],"vector":[263],"algorithms,":[266],"ten-fold":[268],"cross":[269],"validation,":[270],"resulting":[271],"best":[274],"accuracy":[275],"69.41%":[277],"corresponding":[280],"area":[281],"curve":[284],"(Az)":[285],"0.70.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}