{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163702476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19060458","title":"Complex-Time Framework for Authenticity and Identity in Personalized AI","display_name":"Complex-Time Framework for Authenticity and Identity in Personalized AI","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163702476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19060458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19060458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19060458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19060458","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084262224","display_name":"Gerardo Iovane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3119-4608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerardo Iovane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy","Liceo Scientifico Statale Francesco Severi, 84100 Salerno, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3119-4608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liceo Scientifico Statale Francesco Severi, 84100 Salerno, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137958054","display_name":"Giovanni Iovane","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Iovane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy","Liceo Scientifico Statale Francesco Severi, 84100 Salerno, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liceo Scientifico Statale Francesco Severi, 84100 Salerno, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073283553","display_name":"A. De Rosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6009-1042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio De Rosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021569715","display_name":"F. Barbato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3005-2173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Barbato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8126-8755","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70560698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"6","first_page":"458","last_page":"458"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.13609999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.13609999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.1023000031709671,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.08550000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipschitz-continuity","display_name":"Lipschitz continuity","score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piecewise","display_name":"Piecewise","score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-computation","display_name":"Theory of computation","score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-differentiation","display_name":"Automatic differentiation","score":0.26759999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.539900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.45809999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22324862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652707","display_name":"Lipschitz continuity","level":2,"score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164660894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037833","display_name":"Piecewise","level":2,"score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24858836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844718","display_name":"Theory of computation","level":2,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133512626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787371","display_name":"Automatic differentiation","level":3,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204575570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207476","display_name":"Holomorphic function","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776823524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6073561","display_name":"Irreducibility","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201377581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863448","display_name":"Reification (Marxism)","level":3,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42355184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361088","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","level":3,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152864","display_name":"Grounded theory","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19060458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19060458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:75b5f58a9bec462abff68ecf924a9c8e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/75b5f58a9bec462abff68ecf924a9c8e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 19, Iss 6, p 458 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19060458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19060458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6744086146354675}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1550773561","https://openalex.org/W1993929487","https://openalex.org/W2054141820","https://openalex.org/W2057763140","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2072644219","https://openalex.org/W2102937240","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2113915320","https://openalex.org/W2518003110","https://openalex.org/W2599124244","https://openalex.org/W2605350416","https://openalex.org/W2625746539","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2888649442","https://openalex.org/W2889638154","https://openalex.org/W2890801081","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2962712142","https://openalex.org/W2965683718","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2984100107","https://openalex.org/W2988359971","https://openalex.org/W2996931760","https://openalex.org/W2999365564","https://openalex.org/W3002330681","https://openalex.org/W3036600965","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3114326827","https://openalex.org/W3135755054","https://openalex.org/W4213147383","https://openalex.org/W4245657762","https://openalex.org/W4250089123","https://openalex.org/W4360991389","https://openalex.org/W4366495605","https://openalex.org/W4404229359","https://openalex.org/W4415357591","https://openalex.org/W4415930880","https://openalex.org/W4417047122","https://openalex.org/W4417113904","https://openalex.org/W7125786744","https://openalex.org/W7135037241","https://openalex.org/W7156575611"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,241],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,20,30,56,117,152,182,298],"AI-generated":[3,34,167],"content":[4],"and":[5,13,26,36,74,120,136,148,161,163,218,233,261],"personalized":[6],"AI":[7],"systems":[8],"has":[9],"sharpened":[10],"two":[11],"fundamental":[12],"related":[14],"computational":[15,44],"problems:":[16],"the":[17,27,67,75,89,145,175,203,238,252,256,262,266,295],"progressive":[18],"erosion":[19],"authentic":[21],"identity":[22,49,118],"in":[23,46,173],"AI-mediated":[24],"representations,":[25],"growing":[28],"difficulty":[29],"distinguishing":[31],"human-originated":[32],"from":[33,82,237],"behavioral":[35,168],"textual":[37],"streams.":[38],"This":[39],"paper":[40],"proposes":[41],"a":[42,53,80,113,208,213,279],"rigorous":[43],"framework":[45,243],"which":[47],"digital":[48],"is":[50,244,305],"formalized":[51],"as":[52],"holomorphic":[54,239],"function":[55],"complex":[57],"time":[58],"T":[59],"=":[60,93,272,285],"(a":[61],"+":[62],"ib)":[63],"\u2208":[64],"\u2102,":[65],"where":[66],"real":[68],"component":[69,77],"Re(T)":[70],"encodes":[71],"chronological":[72],"progression":[73],"imaginary":[76],"Im(T)":[78],"spans":[79],"continuum":[81],"episodic":[83],"memory":[84],"(Im(T)":[85,92,98],"<":[86,289],"0)":[87,94],"through":[88],"present":[90],"moment":[91],"to":[95],"prospective":[96],"imagination":[97],">":[99],"0).":[100],"We":[101],"argue":[102],"that":[103,166,186],"holomorphicity\u2014enforced":[104],"via":[105,158],"Cauchy\u2013Riemann":[106,176],"regularization":[107],"during":[108],"CTNN":[109,195],"learning":[110],"(Proposition":[111],"1)\u2014provides":[112],"theoretically":[114,209],"grounded":[115,210],"encoding":[116],"coherence,":[119],"discuss":[121],"its":[122],"advantages":[123],"over":[124,225],"alternative":[125],"mathematical":[126],"choices,":[127],"including":[128],"Lipschitz":[129],"continuity,":[130],"C\u221e":[131],"smoothness,":[132],"piecewise":[133],"analytic":[134],"functions,":[135],"stochastic":[137],"models.":[138],"Under":[139],"four":[140,247],"explicit":[141],"Assumptions":[142],"1\u20134":[143],"covering":[144],"Markovian":[146],"structure":[147],"fixed":[149],"context":[150],"window":[151],"current":[153],"LLM":[154,281],"architectures,":[155],"we":[156,201],"establish":[157],"Lemmas":[159],"1":[160,165],"2":[162],"Theorem":[164],"trajectories":[169,192],"exhibit":[170],"structural":[171,296],"limitations":[172],"satisfying":[174],"conditions":[177],"at":[178],"temporal":[179,313],"depths":[180],"characteristic":[181],"human":[183,191],"biographical":[184],"memory\u2014limitations":[185],"do":[187],"not":[188],"arise":[189],"for":[190],"learned":[193],"under":[194],"regularization.":[196],"Building":[197],"on":[198,246],"this":[199],"result,":[200],"introduce":[202],"Human\u2013AI":[204],"Authenticity":[205],"Discriminant":[206],"(HAAD),":[207],"classifier":[211],"with":[212],"fully":[214],"specified":[215],"calibration":[216],"algorithm":[217],"sensitivity":[219],"analysis":[220],"(\u03ba":[221],"\u0394AUROC":[222],"\u2264":[223],"0.04":[224],"\u00b130%":[226],"perturbation).":[227],"Five":[228],"metrics\u2014TCS,":[229],"ISI,":[230],"PAS,":[231],"GAS,":[232],"HAAD\u2014are":[234],"derived":[235],"analytically":[236],"structure.":[240],"algorithmic":[242],"instantiated":[245],"real-world":[248],"datasets:":[249],"MovieLens":[250],"25M,":[251],"Pushshift":[253],"Reddit":[254],"corpus,":[255],"Stack":[257],"Overflow":[258],"Data":[259],"Dump,":[260],"LIAR":[263,267],"dataset.":[264],"On":[265],"benchmark,":[268],"TDT-HAAD":[269],"achieves":[270],"AUROC":[271],"0.82":[273],"(95%":[274],"CI:":[275],"[0.79,":[276],"0.85]),":[277],"exceeding":[278],"RoBERTa-based":[280],"detector":[282],"baseline":[283],"(AUROC":[284],"0.75,":[286],"DeLong":[287],"p":[288],"0.01);":[290],"an":[291],"ablation":[292],"study":[293],"supports":[294],"contribution":[297],"each":[299],"component.":[300],"A":[301],"credibility":[302],"harvesting":[303],"signature":[304],"detectable":[306],"45.3":[307],"\u00b1":[308],"12.1":[309],"days":[310],"before":[311],"standard":[312],"models":[314],"reach":[315],"statistical":[316],"significance.":[317]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-06-06T00:00:00"}