{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163181489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19060439","title":"Unmanned Ground Vehicle Path Planning Algorithms: A Review","display_name":"Unmanned Ground Vehicle Path Planning Algorithms: A Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163181489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19060439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19060439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19060439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19060439","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100593701","display_name":"Qiji Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiji Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030887117","display_name":"Maolin Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-6951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maolin Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-6951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137621188","display_name":"Hui Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165883","display_name":"Xinxiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qvskn85","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165883"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pingyuan Filter Co., Ltd., Xinxiang 453700, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pingyuan Filter Co., Ltd., Xinxiang 453700, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038279849","display_name":"Yeming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-044X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yeming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024526902","display_name":"Feng Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7523-4379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3273-0718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081992437","display_name":"Hao Yun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-6855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046449734","display_name":"Chong Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6887-0104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chong Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038279849"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68759974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"6","first_page":"439","last_page":"439"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11082","display_name":"Spacecraft Dynamics and Control","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7523000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-planning","display_name":"Motion planning","score":0.7037000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.614300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.5113000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.47620001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle-avoidance","display_name":"Obstacle avoidance","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.4041000008583069}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7523000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.7037000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.692799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.614300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.5113000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47620001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6683253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075535","display_name":"Obstacle avoidance","level":4,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776548393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2031473","display_name":"Unmanned ground vehicle","level":2,"score":0.36160001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174102782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321164","display_name":"Seven Management and Planning Tools","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19060439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19060439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7806abf4f59243d68af830b4e9108f9a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7806abf4f59243d68af830b4e9108f9a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 19, Iss 6, p 439 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19060439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19060439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2485099553","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"25A460010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335955","funder_display_name":"Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2607652720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B2024-42","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321954","funder_display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3329899587","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"262300421351","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321954","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335955","display_name":"Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":118,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492106702","https://openalex.org/W1659842140","https://openalex.org/W1969483458","https://openalex.org/W1975509514","https://openalex.org/W1976744965","https://openalex.org/W1977655452","https://openalex.org/W1991113069","https://openalex.org/W1999244633","https://openalex.org/W2002201291","https://openalex.org/W2029929216","https://openalex.org/W2044674786","https://openalex.org/W2047889826","https://openalex.org/W2056760934","https://openalex.org/W2109364787","https://openalex.org/W2112271657","https://openalex.org/W2117211893","https://openalex.org/W2128990851","https://openalex.org/W2154943049","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2596152647","https://openalex.org/W2735603972","https://openalex.org/W2803593642","https://openalex.org/W2890764757","https://openalex.org/W2898753109","https://openalex.org/W2970026594","https://openalex.org/W3009955231","https://openalex.org/W3022408372","https://openalex.org/W3034726893","https://openalex.org/W3036555975","https://openalex.org/W3039430315","https://openalex.org/W3048463148","https://openalex.org/W3086080003","https://openalex.org/W3111308533","https://openalex.org/W3126834919","https://openalex.org/W3132781194","https://openalex.org/W3157825079","https://openalex.org/W3171539442","https://openalex.org/W3183442651","https://openalex.org/W3209718438","https://openalex.org/W3215768065","https://openalex.org/W4200405711","https://openalex.org/W4206246568","https://openalex.org/W4210436559","https://openalex.org/W4213077816","https://openalex.org/W4226019470","https://openalex.org/W4236251699","https://openalex.org/W4285303526","https://openalex.org/W4292862363","https://openalex.org/W4295308546","https://openalex.org/W4296704820","https://openalex.org/W4297004156","https://openalex.org/W4309785798","https://openalex.org/W4312239789","https://openalex.org/W4312695845","https://openalex.org/W4313118295","https://openalex.org/W4313521162","https://openalex.org/W4315796185","https://openalex.org/W4318480231","https://openalex.org/W4319775609","https://openalex.org/W4320015828","https://openalex.org/W4323318033","https://openalex.org/W4360584446","https://openalex.org/W4367665998","https://openalex.org/W4376891105","https://openalex.org/W4381434484","https://openalex.org/W4382982265","https://openalex.org/W4383108169","https://openalex.org/W4385626770","https://openalex.org/W4386038298","https://openalex.org/W4386432187","https://openalex.org/W4387045345","https://openalex.org/W4389038549","https://openalex.org/W4390422049","https://openalex.org/W4390670318","https://openalex.org/W4391020156","https://openalex.org/W4391164108","https://openalex.org/W4391341768","https://openalex.org/W4391482790","https://openalex.org/W4391541941","https://openalex.org/W4391565541","https://openalex.org/W4392449753","https://openalex.org/W4392940109","https://openalex.org/W4393033023","https://openalex.org/W4393036955","https://openalex.org/W4393864582","https://openalex.org/W4396684718","https://openalex.org/W4396878088","https://openalex.org/W4399526787","https://openalex.org/W4399756551","https://openalex.org/W4400079092","https://openalex.org/W4400932884","https://openalex.org/W4401707265","https://openalex.org/W4402348827","https://openalex.org/W4402357101","https://openalex.org/W4402435281","https://openalex.org/W4403588068","https://openalex.org/W4405718435","https://openalex.org/W4406084743","https://openalex.org/W4406138134","https://openalex.org/W4406794018","https://openalex.org/W4406890425","https://openalex.org/W4406947385","https://openalex.org/W4407024708","https://openalex.org/W4407361581","https://openalex.org/W4407448759","https://openalex.org/W4408140760","https://openalex.org/W4408703524","https://openalex.org/W4409310531","https://openalex.org/W4409916754","https://openalex.org/W4410942229","https://openalex.org/W4411336957","https://openalex.org/W4412353439","https://openalex.org/W4412567314","https://openalex.org/W4412985569","https://openalex.org/W4413156835","https://openalex.org/W4414793492","https://openalex.org/W4415225547","https://openalex.org/W4415862146"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,12,18,30,72,83,156,167,174,192],"core":[2,113],"technology":[3],"for":[4,65,190],"realizing":[5],"autonomous":[6],"navigation":[7,23],"of":[8,22,33,46,120,149,169,176,196],"unmanned":[9,197],"ground":[10,198],"vehicles,":[11],"path":[13,37,93],"planning":[14,38,94],"algorithm":[15,122],"directly":[16],"determines":[17],"reliability":[19],"and":[20,52,81,95,108,117,146,162,165],"stability":[21],"tasks":[24],"in":[25,44,58,76,87,134,183],"complex":[26],"dynamic":[27,49],"environments.":[28,185],"With":[29],"expanding":[31],"range":[32],"application":[34,195],"scenarios,":[35],"traditional":[36],"approaches":[39],"have":[40],"become":[41],"increasingly":[42],"inadequate":[43],"terms":[45],"real-time":[47],"performance,":[48],"obstacle":[50],"avoidance,":[51],"multi-objective":[53],"optimization.":[54],"The":[55,112],"recent":[56,88],"rise":[57],"AI-based":[59],"methods":[60],"has":[61],"provided":[62],"new":[63],"opportunities":[64],"this":[66,77],"field.":[67],"This":[68,186],"paper":[69],"systematically":[70],"analyzes":[71],"latest":[73],"research":[74],"progress":[75],"area.":[78],"By":[79],"reviewing":[80],"analyzing":[82],"highly":[84],"recognized":[85],"literature":[86],"years,":[89],"we":[90,130,153],"classify":[91],"mainstream":[92],"related":[96],"algorithms":[97,171],"into":[98],"six":[99],"types:":[100],"graph-search-based,":[101],"sampling-based,":[102],"local":[103],"optimization-based,":[104],"meta-heuristic":[105],"optimization,":[106],"AI-based,":[107],"optimal":[109],"control":[110],"methods.":[111],"improvement":[114],"trends,":[115],"advantages,":[116],"inherent":[118],"limitations":[119],"each":[121],"type":[123],"are":[124],"deeply":[125],"analyzed.":[126],"Through":[127],"bibliometric":[128],"analysis,":[129],"identify":[131],"major":[132],"gaps":[133],"current":[135],"research,":[136],"including":[137],"over-reliance":[138],"on":[139],"simulation":[140,160],"methods,":[141],"overly":[142],"restrictive":[143],"environmental":[144],"assumptions,":[145],"insufficient":[147],"handling":[148],"multiple":[150],"objectives.":[151],"Finally,":[152],"point":[154],"out":[155],"critical":[157],"gap":[158],"between":[159],"environments":[161],"real-world":[163],"deployment":[164],"advocate":[166],"use":[168],"hybrid":[170],"to":[172],"address":[173],"deficiencies":[175],"single":[177],"algorithms,":[178],"along":[179],"with":[180],"effective":[181],"validation":[182],"real":[184],"direction":[187],"is":[188],"crucial":[189],"promoting":[191],"broader":[193],"practical":[194],"vehicle":[199],"technology.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-06-03T00:00:00"}
