{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161574698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19050398","title":"A Comparative Simulation Study of the Fairness and Accuracy of Predictive Policing Systems in Baltimore City","display_name":"A Comparative Simulation Study of the Fairness and Accuracy of Predictive Policing Systems in Baltimore City","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161574698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19050398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19050398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19050398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19050398","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106348479","display_name":"Samin Semsar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1457-3240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samin Semsar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Cir., Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1457-3240","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Cir., Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125036621","display_name":"Kiran Laxmikant Prabhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiran Laxmikant Prabhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Cir., Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Cir., Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125071633","display_name":"Gabriella Waters","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11786554","display_name":"Virginia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04esvpn06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriella Waters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Responsible AI, Virginia State University (VSU), 21101 Barnes St, Petersburg, VA 23806, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Responsible AI, Virginia State University (VSU), 21101 Barnes St, Petersburg, VA 23806, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125092599","display_name":"James Foulds","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Foulds","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Cir., Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Cir., Baltimore, MD 21250, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54265187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"5","first_page":"398","last_page":"398"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.6087999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.6087999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.16740000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.0142000000923872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice","display_name":"Criminal justice","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-analytics","display_name":"Predictive analytics","score":0.6136999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"Law enforcement","score":0.5823000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-predictive-control","display_name":"Model predictive control","score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-justice","display_name":"Economic Justice","score":0.4595000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83209312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053367","display_name":"Predictive analytics","level":2,"score":0.6136999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5823000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20685875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239678","display_name":"Predictive validity","level":2,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019719930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776348852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855848","display_name":"Crime prevention","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779149496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442100","display_name":"Procedural justice","level":3,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992711187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35535","display_name":"Police department","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135302770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629132","display_name":"Work systems","level":3,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2651999890804291}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19050398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19050398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8e1d3600a5a6414ab8e0dd075b3fc3b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8e1d3600a5a6414ab8e0dd075b3fc3b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 19, Iss 5, p 398 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19050398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19050398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7947614789009094}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2794811839","display_name":"AI-DCL: Fairness for the Allocation of Healthcare Resources","funder_award_id":"1927486","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5490465407","display_name":"CAREER: Fair Artificial Intelligence for Intelligent Humans: Removing the Barriers to Deployment of Fair AI Technologies","funder_award_id":"2046381","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1,79],"ongoing":[2],"discussions":[3],"about":[4],"predictive":[5,76,89,138,163,188,202,214,237,315,348],"policing":[6,77,90,98,139,164,189,203,215,231,238,250,316],"systems":[7,35,44,78,274],"being":[8,48,66],"unfair,":[9],"for":[10,264,307],"example,":[11],"by":[12],"exhibiting":[13],"racial":[14],"bias.":[15],"Law":[16],"enforcement":[17],"in":[18,167,172,191,201,251,272,280,284,340,347],"some":[19,41,281,294],"cities,":[20],"such":[21,320],"as":[22,47,133,222],"Los":[23],"Angeles,":[24],"California,":[25],"and":[26,40,65,81,108,112,169,185,245,310,325,332],"Baltimore,":[27,269],"Maryland,":[28,122],"have":[29,233],"initiated":[30],"the":[31,85,104,117,183,197,252,262,270,289,343],"integration":[32],"of":[33,42,88,119,137,145,154,187,314],"these":[34,43,55,155,273],"into":[36],"their":[37],"decision-making":[38],"processes,":[39],"were":[45],"advertised":[46],"unbiased.":[49],"However,":[50,287],"later":[51],"studies":[52,74],"discovered":[53],"that":[54,196,213,330],"methods":[56,91],"could":[57,157],"also":[58,226,256],"be":[59,242],"unfair":[60],"due":[61,218],"to":[62,94,219,232,241,293,338],"feedback":[63,220],"loops":[64],"trained":[67],"on":[68,75,182],"historically":[69],"biased":[70],"recorded":[71],"data.":[72],"Comparative":[73],"few":[80],"insufficiently":[82],"comprehensive.":[83],"Crucially,":[84],"relative":[86],"fairness":[87,107,184,346],"with":[92,141],"regard":[93],"traditional":[95,228],"hot":[96,229,248],"spot-based":[97,230],"has":[99,124],"not":[100,125],"been":[101,127],"established.":[102],"Moreover,":[103],"relationship":[105],"between":[106],"accuracy":[109,186],"is":[110,204,239],"complex":[111,206],"requires":[113],"further":[114],"study.":[115],"Furthermore,":[116],"case":[118],"Baltimore":[120,168],"City,":[121],"USA,":[123],"yet":[126],"systematically":[128],"analyzed":[129],"despite":[130],"its":[131],"relevance":[132],"an":[134],"early":[135],"adopter":[136],"technologies":[140,165,190],"a":[142,177,305],"fraught":[143],"history":[144],"social":[146],"justice":[147],"concerns":[148],"around":[149,162,199,345],"policing.":[150,349],"An":[151],"improved":[152],"understanding":[153],"questions":[156],"better":[158],"inform":[159],"policy":[160],"decisions":[161],"both":[166],"beyond.":[170],"Therefore,":[171],"this":[173,298,302],"work":[174,303],"we":[175,211,225],"perform":[176],"comprehensive":[178],"comparative":[179],"simulation":[180,336],"study":[181],"Baltimore.":[192],"Our":[193],"results":[194],"suggest":[195],"situation":[198],"bias":[200,217,258,271],"more":[205,243,259],"than":[207,247],"previously":[208,223],"assumed.":[209],"While":[210],"find":[212,227],"exhibits":[216],"loops,":[221],"reported,":[224],"similar":[234],"issues.":[235],"Although":[236],"found":[240],"fair":[244],"accurate":[246],"spot":[249],"short":[253],"term,":[254],"it":[255],"amplifies":[257],"quickly,":[260],"suggesting":[261],"potential":[263],"worse":[265],"long-run":[266],"behavior.":[267],"In":[268],"tended":[275],"toward":[276],"over-policing":[277],"White":[278],"neighborhoods":[279],"cases,":[282],"unlike":[283],"previous":[285],"studies.":[286],"when":[288],"analysis":[290],"was":[291],"restricted":[292],"specific":[295],"crime":[296],"types,":[297],"tendency":[299],"differed.":[300],"Overall,":[301],"demonstrates":[304],"methodology":[306],"city-specific":[308],"evaluation":[309],"compares":[311],"behavioral":[312],"tendencies":[313],"systems,":[317],"showing":[318],"how":[319],"simulations":[321],"can":[322],"reveal":[323],"inequities":[324],"long-term":[326],"tendencies.":[327],"We":[328],"recommend":[329],"authorities":[331],"community":[333],"stakeholders":[334],"use":[335],"methodologies":[337],"assist":[339],"collaboratively":[341],"navigating":[342],"complexities":[344]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2026-05-19T00:00:00"}
