{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147559100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19040270","title":"Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Facial Landmark-Guided Convolution and Local Structure Awareness","display_name":"Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Facial Landmark-Guided Convolution and Local Structure Awareness","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147559100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19040270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19040270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19040270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19040270","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5156-8374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61057504","display_name":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kx2sy84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","College of Computer and Information Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5156-8374","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132661721","display_name":"Zhengxu Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61057504","display_name":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kx2sy84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengxu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","College of Computer and Information Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6783-1494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0178-5065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61057504","display_name":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kx2sy84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","College of Computer and Information Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0178-5065","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132718614","display_name":"Chunhui Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61057504","display_name":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kx2sy84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunhui Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","College of Computer and Information Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2529-0652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5132718614"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61057504"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33862528,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"270","last_page":"270"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.6851999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.6851999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.15039999783039093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.04390000179409981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.6401000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6305000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.45989999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.45730000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44780001044273376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8233000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6463000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.6401000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6305000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.45989999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.45730000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54654163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428359","display_name":"Face hallucination","level":5,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19040270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19040270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c022e42246214840985b1b092e1b94f3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c022e42246214840985b1b092e1b94f3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 19, Iss 4, p 270 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19040270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19040270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3770677330","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802064","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2412509443","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2888519208","https://openalex.org/W2889677435","https://openalex.org/W2891145043","https://openalex.org/W2911424785","https://openalex.org/W2913399670","https://openalex.org/W2914447220","https://openalex.org/W2962958939","https://openalex.org/W2963720850","https://openalex.org/W2970868842","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W2990452356","https://openalex.org/W2995516027","https://openalex.org/W3011820288","https://openalex.org/W3034196597","https://openalex.org/W3034211329","https://openalex.org/W3034241236","https://openalex.org/W3034713808","https://openalex.org/W3034795015","https://openalex.org/W3037675456","https://openalex.org/W3083246145","https://openalex.org/W3118025593","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3158353280","https://openalex.org/W3173581984","https://openalex.org/W3174508664","https://openalex.org/W3175342695","https://openalex.org/W3176241004","https://openalex.org/W3187526215","https://openalex.org/W3191243633","https://openalex.org/W3192932902","https://openalex.org/W4210241935","https://openalex.org/W4287080402","https://openalex.org/W4312388562","https://openalex.org/W4312782746","https://openalex.org/W4312992915","https://openalex.org/W4313127140","https://openalex.org/W4322576470","https://openalex.org/W4323529965","https://openalex.org/W4386071484","https://openalex.org/W4390872011","https://openalex.org/W4390873988","https://openalex.org/W4400859202","https://openalex.org/W4402715910","https://openalex.org/W4402716253","https://openalex.org/W4404207469","https://openalex.org/W4404450291","https://openalex.org/W4408416102","https://openalex.org/W4413294127","https://openalex.org/W4415539346"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"deepfakes":[1,98],"become":[2],"increasingly":[3],"realistic,":[4],"there":[5],"is":[6],"a":[7,78,139,156,161,186],"growing":[8],"need":[9],"for":[10],"robust":[11],"and":[12,91,134,160,181,211],"highly":[13],"accurate":[14],"facial":[15,43,63,84,89,117,128,172],"forgery":[16,183],"detection":[17,80],"algorithms.":[18],"Existing":[19],"studies":[20],"show":[21],"that":[22,82],"global":[23,100,178],"feature":[24],"modeling":[25],"approaches":[26],"(Transformer,":[27],"VMamba)":[28],"are":[29],"effective":[30],"in":[31,66,97],"capturing":[32],"long-range":[33],"dependencies,":[34],"yet":[35],"they":[36],"often":[37],"lack":[38],"sufficient":[39],"sensitivity":[40,169],"to":[41,58,124,126,146,170,196],"localized":[42],"tampering":[44],"artifacts.":[45],"Meanwhile,":[46],"traditional":[47],"convolutional":[48,113],"methods":[49],"excel":[50],"at":[51],"extracting":[52],"local":[53],"image":[54],"features":[55],"but":[56],"struggle":[57],"incorporate":[59],"prior":[60],"knowledge":[61],"about":[62],"anatomy,":[64],"resulting":[65],"limited":[67],"representational":[68],"capability.":[69],"To":[70],"address":[71],"these":[72],"limitations,":[73],"this":[74],"paper":[75],"proposes":[76],"LGMamba,":[77],"novel":[79],"framework":[81],"integrates":[83],"guidance":[85],"focusing":[86],"on":[87,209,213],"key":[88],"components":[90],"fine-grained":[92,182],"detail":[93],"regions":[94],"commonly":[95],"manipulated":[96],"with":[99,155],"modeling.":[101],"First,":[102],"we":[103,137],"introduce":[104],"an":[105],"innovative":[106],"Landmark-Guided":[107],"Convolution":[108],"(LGConv),":[109],"which":[110],"adaptively":[111],"adjusts":[112],"sampling":[114],"positions":[115],"using":[116],"landmark":[118],"information.":[119],"This":[120],"allows":[121],"the":[122,132,149,167],"model":[123],"attend":[125],"forgery-prone":[127],"regions,":[129],"such":[130],"as":[131],"eyes":[133],"mouth.":[135],"Second,":[136],"design":[138,159],"parallel":[140],"Facial":[141],"Structure":[142],"Awareness":[143],"Block":[144],"(FSAB)":[145],"operate":[147],"alongside":[148],"VMamba-based":[150],"visual":[151],"State-Space":[152],"Model.":[153],"Equipped":[154],"multi-stage":[157],"residual":[158],"CBAM":[162],"attention":[163],"mechanism,":[164],"FSAB":[165],"enhances":[166],"model\u2019s":[168],"subtle":[171],"artifacts,":[173],"enabling":[174],"joint":[175],"exploitation":[176],"of":[177,207],"semantic":[179],"consistency":[180],"cues":[184],"within":[185],"unified":[187],"architecture.":[188],"The":[189],"proposed":[190],"LGMamba":[191],"achieves":[192],"superior":[193],"performance":[194],"compared":[195,217],"existing":[197],"mainstream":[198],"approaches.":[199],"In":[200],"cross-dataset":[201],"evaluations,":[202],"it":[203],"attains":[204],"AUC":[205],"scores":[206],"92.34%":[208],"CD1":[210],"96.01%":[212],"CD2,":[214],"outperforming":[215],"all":[216],"methods.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}