{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140312745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19040251","title":"Extended LSTM to Enhance Learner Performance Prediction","display_name":"Extended LSTM to Enhance Learner Performance Prediction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140312745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19040251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19040251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19040251","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/19/4/251/pdf?version=1774442261","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/19/4/251/pdf?version=1774442261","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075601787","display_name":"Adel Ihichr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121676899","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn-Tofail","ror":"https://ror.org/02wj89n04","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adel Ihichr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Sciences Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6280-3058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Sciences Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092128636","display_name":"Soukaina Hakkal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5877-818X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121676899","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn-Tofail","ror":"https://ror.org/02wj89n04","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soukaina Hakkal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Sciences Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5877-818X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Sciences Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078155878","display_name":"Omar Oustous","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121676899","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn-Tofail","ror":"https://ror.org/02wj89n04","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Oustous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Sciences Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9666-2583","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Sciences Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124727214","display_name":"Younes El Bouzekri El Idrissi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121676899","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn-Tofail","ror":"https://ror.org/02wj89n04","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youn\u00e8s El Bouzekri El Idrissi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Sciences Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4018-437X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Sciences Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ayoub Ait Lahcen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8739-3369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121676899","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn-Tofail","ror":"https://ror.org/02wj89n04","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ayoub Ait Lahcen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Sciences Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8739-3369","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Sciences Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075601787"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121676899"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48868894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"251","last_page":"251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.892799973487854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.892799973487854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.05050000175833702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.7289000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.3986000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-improvement","display_name":"Performance improvement","score":0.3962000012397766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.826200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.7289000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5685999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3986000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777115002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7168246","display_name":"Performance prediction","level":2,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24138899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141258","display_name":"Instance-based learning","level":3,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34585555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368723","display_name":"Learning curve","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19040251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19040251","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/19/4/251/pdf?version=1774442261","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f887296c63774c58acc9c7febe674c63","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f887296c63774c58acc9c7febe674c63","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 19, Iss 4, p 251 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19040251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19040251","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/19/4/251/pdf?version=1774442261","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7537136077880859,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7140312745.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7140312745.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2559094423","https://openalex.org/W2606234010","https://openalex.org/W2805035427","https://openalex.org/W2892035503","https://openalex.org/W2973928473","https://openalex.org/W3043869244","https://openalex.org/W4282921621","https://openalex.org/W4285732232","https://openalex.org/W4307295769","https://openalex.org/W4307561542","https://openalex.org/W4401560186","https://openalex.org/W4406780317","https://openalex.org/W4409211670","https://openalex.org/W4410620682","https://openalex.org/W4412939700","https://openalex.org/W4414623882"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Knowledge":[0,26,64],"Tracing":[1,27,65],"(KT)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,198],"fundamental":[5],"task":[6],"in":[7,39,54],"intelligent":[8],"education":[9],"systems,":[10],"designed":[11],"to":[12,77,93,134,178],"track":[13],"students\u2019":[14],"evolving":[15],"knowledge":[16,47,126],"states":[17],"and":[18,45,103,124,149,174,185,200,205],"predict":[19],"their":[20,51],"future":[21],"performance.":[22,115],"While":[23],"Deep":[24,63],"Learning-based":[25],"(DLKT)":[28],"models":[29,180],"have":[30],"advanced":[31,104],"the":[32,61,70,100,111,129,150,166],"field,":[33],"they":[34],"often":[35],"face":[36],"significant":[37],"limitations":[38],"jointly":[40],"capturing":[41],"short-term":[42,121],"performance":[43,122],"fluctuations":[44],"long-term":[46,125],"retention,":[48],"which":[49,68],"restricts":[50],"predictive":[52],"precision":[53],"complex":[55],"learning":[56,81,90,207],"trajectories.":[57],"This":[58,116],"paper":[59],"proposes":[60],"Extended":[62,71],"(xDKT)":[66],"model,":[67],"integrates":[69],"Long":[72],"Short-Term":[73],"Memory":[74],"(xLSTM)":[75],"architecture":[76,117,196],"enhance":[78],"multi-scale":[79],"temporal":[80],"representations.":[82],"Specifically,":[83],"through":[84,188],"rigorous":[85],"ablation":[86],"studies":[87],"over":[88,154],"extended":[89],"sequences":[91],"(up":[92],"1000":[94],"steps),":[95],"our":[96],"analysis":[97],"indicates":[98],"that":[99,160,194],"exponential":[101],"gating":[102],"scalar":[105],"memory":[106],"of":[107,114],"sLSTM":[108],"units":[109],"are":[110],"primary":[112],"drivers":[113],"effectively":[118],"captures":[119],"both":[120],"shifts":[123],"retention":[127],"without":[128],"vanishing":[130],"gradient":[131],"degradation":[132],"inherent":[133],"standard":[135],"LSTMs.":[136],"We":[137],"evaluate":[138],"xDKT":[139,161,195],"across":[140],"six":[141],"diverse":[142],"benchmark":[143],"datasets,":[144],"including":[145],"Synthetic,":[146],"Algebra2005\u20132006,":[147],"Statics2011,":[148],"ASSISTments":[151],"series,":[152],"covering":[153],"22,000":[155],"learners.":[156],"Experimental":[157],"results":[158],"show":[159],"yields":[162],"improved":[163],"Area":[164],"Under":[165],"ROC":[167],"Curve":[168],"(AUC)":[169],"scores":[170],"on":[171],"Statics2011":[172],"(0.8562)":[173],"ASSISTments2009":[175],"(0.8318)":[176],"compared":[177],"baseline":[179],"such":[181],"as":[182],"DKT,":[183],"DKVMN,":[184],"AKT.":[186],"Finally,":[187],"extensive":[189],"validation,":[190],"these":[191],"findings":[192],"suggest":[193],"provides":[197],"robust":[199],"promising":[201],"framework":[202],"for":[203],"accurate":[204],"adaptive":[206],"environments.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-03-26T00:00:00"}