{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131260965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19030168","title":"Adaptive Multi-Strategy Grey Wolf Optimizer with Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Objective Precision Irrigation Optimization","display_name":"Adaptive Multi-Strategy Grey Wolf Optimizer with Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Objective Precision Irrigation Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131260965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19030168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19030168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19030168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/19/3/168/pdf?version=1771949520","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/19/3/168/pdf?version=1771949520","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002559594","display_name":"Guang Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5684-1197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125098","display_name":"Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03jjm4b17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangluan Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, Yongzhou Vocational Technical College, Yongzhou 425000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, Yongzhou Vocational Technical College, Yongzhou 425000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113123134","display_name":"Wuke Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196038209","display_name":"Hunan University of Arts and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01ggnn306","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196038209"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wuke Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8035-5626","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196038209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qi Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0396-4836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0396-4836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113123134"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196038209","https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17484985,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"168","last_page":"168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.3276999890804291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.3276999890804291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.3197999894618988,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.09650000184774399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5422999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pareto-principle","display_name":"Pareto principle","score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4560999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-evolution","display_name":"Differential evolution","score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"Precision agriculture","score":0.4300999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premature-convergence","display_name":"Premature convergence","score":0.37389999628067017}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.635699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5989000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5422999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137635306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182667","display_name":"Pareto principle","level":2,"score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4560999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74750220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2662197","display_name":"Differential evolution","level":2,"score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.4300999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58758708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7240233","display_name":"Premature convergence","level":3,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194387892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747770","display_name":"Stochastic optimization","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126343540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889514","display_name":"Crop yield","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19030168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19030168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/19/3/168/pdf?version=1771949520","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:231d5abf6d1148a5af7499373130b629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/231d5abf6d1148a5af7499373130b629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 19, Iss 3, p 168 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19030168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19030168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/19/3/168/pdf?version=1771949520","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8243619799613953,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G441779531","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ7584","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311213","display_name":"Education Department of Hunan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckg3w11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7131260965.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7131260965.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043672072","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2083345093","https://openalex.org/W2144844654","https://openalex.org/W2766928469","https://openalex.org/W2796486962","https://openalex.org/W2810375309","https://openalex.org/W2983381095","https://openalex.org/W3087652231","https://openalex.org/W3101203115","https://openalex.org/W3159000591","https://openalex.org/W4210480843","https://openalex.org/W4280541727","https://openalex.org/W4283156422","https://openalex.org/W4292553451","https://openalex.org/W4307266359","https://openalex.org/W4309914107","https://openalex.org/W4311533488","https://openalex.org/W4362558046","https://openalex.org/W4362664081","https://openalex.org/W4385820046","https://openalex.org/W4396623231","https://openalex.org/W4400803305","https://openalex.org/W4403955339","https://openalex.org/W4404168885","https://openalex.org/W4405258785","https://openalex.org/W4413181493","https://openalex.org/W4414021711","https://openalex.org/W4415361164","https://openalex.org/W4416918670","https://openalex.org/W7118030049"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Precision":[0],"irrigation":[1,45],"is":[2],"crucial":[3],"for":[4,38,186],"sustainable":[5],"agriculture,":[6],"yet":[7],"conventional":[8],"single-objective":[9],"optimization":[10],"methods":[11],"struggle":[12],"to":[13,42,74,78,194],"balance":[14],"conflicting":[15],"demands":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18],"crop":[19,93,131,188],"yield,":[20],"operational":[21,206],"cost,":[22],"and":[23,61,96,138,150,168,190],"environmental":[24,97,191],"sustainability.":[25],"This":[26,198],"study":[27],"introduces":[28],"an":[29],"Adaptive":[30],"Multi-Strategy":[31],"Grey":[32],"Wolf":[33],"Optimizer":[34],"with":[35],"Reinforcement":[36],"Learning":[37],"Multi-Objective":[39],"Optimization":[40],"(AMSGWO-RL-MO)":[41],"enhance":[43],"precision":[44],"decision-making.":[46],"AMSGWO-RL-MO":[47],"integrates":[48],"four":[49],"strategies:":[50],"standard":[51,136],"GWO":[52,137],"exploitation,":[53],"L\u00e9vy":[54],"flight":[55],"exploration,":[56],"differential":[57],"evolution-based":[58],"diversity":[59],"enhancement,":[60],"Stochastic":[62],"Elite":[63],"Opposition-Based":[64],"Learning.":[65],"A":[66],"Q-learning":[67],"mechanism":[68,164],"dynamically":[69],"adjusts":[70],"these":[71],"strategies,":[72],"adapting":[73],"real-time":[75],"search":[76],"conditions":[77],"select":[79],"the":[80,112,154,161],"optimal":[81],"approach.":[82],"We":[83],"constructed":[84],"a":[85,103,117,129,174,182],"comprehensive":[86],"three-objective":[87],"framework":[88],"incorporating":[89],"soil":[90],"moisture":[91],"dynamics,":[92],"growth":[94,105],"models,":[95],"impact":[98],"assessments.":[99],"Experimental":[100],"simulations":[101],"over":[102],"40-day":[104],"cycle":[106],"demonstrate":[107],"AMSGWO-RL-MO\u2019s":[108],"rapid":[109],"convergence":[110],"by":[111,141],"sixth":[113],"generation,":[114],"consistently":[115],"achieving":[116],"high-quality":[118],"Pareto":[119,155],"front":[120],"across":[121],"30":[122],"independent":[123],"runs.":[124],"The":[125,170],"knee-point":[126],"solution":[127],"yielded":[128],"mean":[130],"yield":[132,189],"of":[133,178],"96.96%,":[134],"outperforming":[135],"multi-strategy":[139],"variants":[140],"approximately":[142],"3.8%.":[143],"Statistical":[144],"analysis":[145],"confirms":[146],"its":[147],"superior":[148],"robustness":[149],"well-distributed":[151],"solutions":[152],"along":[153],"front.":[156],"These":[157],"results":[158],"indicate":[159],"that":[160],"RL-driven":[162],"adaptive":[163],"effectively":[165],"balances":[166],"exploration":[167],"exploitation.":[169],"proposed":[171],"method":[172],"offers":[173],"more":[175],"diverse":[176],"array":[177],"Pareto-optimal":[179],"solutions,":[180],"presenting":[181],"broader":[183],"trade-off":[184],"space":[185],"balancing":[187],"sustainability":[192],"compared":[193],"traditional":[195],"weighted-sum":[196],"approaches.":[197],"enhancement":[199],"facilitates":[200],"scientific":[201],"agricultural":[202],"decision-making":[203],"under":[204],"various":[205],"constraints.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-02-25T00:00:00"}