{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417400667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120797","title":"Net Rural Migration Classification in Colombia Using Supervised Decision Tree Algorithms","display_name":"Net Rural Migration Classification in Colombia Using Supervised Decision Tree Algorithms","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417400667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120797"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120797","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120797","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/797/pdf?version=1765904403","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/797/pdf?version=1765904403","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035656277","display_name":"Juan Manuel S\u00e1nchez C\u00e9spedes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9101-2936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I332011152","display_name":"Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsxd428","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan M. S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065761694","display_name":"Helbert Espitia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0742-6069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I332011152","display_name":"Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsxd428","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helbert E. Espitia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062700527","display_name":"Cesar L. Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9430-3703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41047195","display_name":"Military University Nueva Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/05n0gsn30","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41047195"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cesar L. Gonz\u00e1lez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogot\u00e1 110111, Colombia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogot\u00e1 110111, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41047195"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035656277"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39934976,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"12","first_page":"797","last_page":"797"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.12049999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.12049999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12656","display_name":"Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration","score":0.03189999982714653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12783","display_name":"Migration, Aging, and Tourism Studies","score":0.026100000366568565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.7610999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.6832000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-migration-rate","display_name":"Net migration rate","score":0.5605000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.43540000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emigration","display_name":"Emigration","score":0.4147000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree-learning","display_name":"Decision tree learning","score":0.3950999975204468}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.7610999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.6832000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21992297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733683","display_name":"Net migration rate","level":4,"score":0.5605000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5034000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.43540000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104151175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187668","display_name":"Emigration","level":2,"score":0.4147000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5481197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16766476","display_name":"Decision tree learning","level":3,"score":0.3950999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14166107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253829","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56289965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249246","display_name":"Decision tree model","level":3,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777917351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863941","display_name":"Internal migration","level":3,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120797","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120797","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/797/pdf?version=1765904403","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec70e9f304694c16bb1a54ea5da87bd7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec70e9f304694c16bb1a54ea5da87bd7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 12, p 797 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120797","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120797","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/797/pdf?version=1765904403","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329180","display_name":"Universidad Militar Nueva Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/05n0gsn30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417400667.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417400667.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W2033480871","https://openalex.org/W2107074433","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2797928606","https://openalex.org/W2900720722","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2943160824","https://openalex.org/W3022396332","https://openalex.org/W3036656090","https://openalex.org/W3046639328","https://openalex.org/W3049036305","https://openalex.org/W3110381835","https://openalex.org/W3134237332","https://openalex.org/W3177091032","https://openalex.org/W3186036863","https://openalex.org/W3194752328","https://openalex.org/W4207058289","https://openalex.org/W4220997423","https://openalex.org/W4232478844","https://openalex.org/W4280550808","https://openalex.org/W4289313645","https://openalex.org/W4297944103","https://openalex.org/W4312211413","https://openalex.org/W4321108439","https://openalex.org/W4363677448","https://openalex.org/W4364375150","https://openalex.org/W4368340979","https://openalex.org/W4384341484","https://openalex.org/W4401651509","https://openalex.org/W4404351556"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,165],"study":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,33,59,169,183],"decision":[4],"tree":[5],"model-based":[6],"approach":[7,166],"to":[8,32,36,50,158],"classify":[9],"rural":[10],"net":[11,73],"migration":[12,163,175],"across":[13],"Colombian":[14],"departments":[15],"using":[16,92,106],"sociodemographic":[17],"and":[18,80,87,98,115,134,140,179],"economic":[19],"variables.":[20],"In":[21],"the":[22,28,42,65,116,119,129,138,151,154],"model":[23,155],"formulation,":[24],"immigration":[25,66],"is":[26,41,67,145],"considered":[27],"movement":[29,43],"of":[30,44,153,173],"people":[31,45],"destination":[34],"area":[35,49,117],"settle":[37],"there,":[38],"while":[39,143],"emigration":[40],"from":[46],"that":[47,125],"specific":[48],"other":[51],"places.":[52],"The":[53,122],"target":[54],"variable":[55,96],"was":[56,104,156],"defined":[57],"as":[58,182],"binary":[60],"category":[61],"representing":[62],"positive":[63],"(when":[64],"greater":[68],"than":[69],"emigration)":[70],"or":[71],"negative":[72],"migration.":[74],"Four":[75],"classification":[76],"models":[77],"were":[78,90],"trained":[79],"evaluated:":[81],"Decision":[82],"Tree,":[83],"Random":[84,126],"Forest,":[85],"AdaBoost,":[86],"XGBoost.":[88],"Data":[89],"preprocessed":[91],"cleaning":[93],"techniques,":[94],"categorical":[95],"encoding,":[97],"class":[99],"balance":[100],"assessment.":[101],"Model":[102],"performance":[103],"evaluated":[105],"various":[107],"metrics,":[108],"including":[109],"accuracy,":[110,131],"precision,":[111,132],"sensitivity,":[112,133],"F1":[113,135],"score,":[114],"under":[118],"ROC":[120],"curve.":[121],"results":[123],"show":[124],"Forest":[127],"achieves":[128],"highest":[130],"score":[136],"in":[137,177],"10-variable":[139],"15-variable":[141],"settings,":[142],"XGBoost":[144],"competitive":[146],"but":[147],"not":[148],"dominant.":[149],"Furthermore,":[150],"importance":[152],"analyzed":[157],"identify":[159],"key":[160],"factors":[161],"influencing":[162],"patterns.":[164],"allows":[167],"for":[168,185],"more":[170],"precise":[171],"understanding":[172],"regional":[174],"dynamics":[176],"Colombia":[178],"can":[180],"serve":[181],"basis":[184],"designing":[186],"informed":[187],"public":[188],"policies.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-12-16T00:00:00"}