{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417361022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120796","title":"Impact of Image Enhancement Using Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), Anisotropic Diffusion, and Histogram Equalization on Spine X-Ray Segmentation with U-Net, Mask R-CNN, and Transfer Learning","display_name":"Impact of Image Enhancement Using Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), Anisotropic Diffusion, and Histogram Equalization on Spine X-Ray Segmentation with U-Net, Mask R-CNN, and Transfer Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417361022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120796"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120796","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/796/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/796/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101348681","display_name":"Muhammad Shahrul Zaim Ahmad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shahrul Zaim Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008927441","display_name":"Nor Azlina Ab. Aziz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2119-6191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nor Azlina Ab. Aziz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Advanced Analytics, COE for Artificial Intelligence, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia","Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Advanced Analytics, COE for Artificial Intelligence, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062260573","display_name":"Heng Siong Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8346-6345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Siong Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103280033","display_name":"Anith Khairunnisa Ghazali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3141-9447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anith Khairunnisa Ghazali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Advanced Analytics, COE for Artificial Intelligence, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Advanced Analytics, COE for Artificial Intelligence, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003949955","display_name":"Afif Abdul Latiff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0516-4082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801594805","display_name":"University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01590nj79","country_code":"MY","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801594805"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u2018Afif Abdul Latiff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801594805"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008927441"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.4069,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84197915,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"12","first_page":"796","last_page":"796"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.8061000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.8061000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.04610000178217888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.014100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-equalization","display_name":"Histogram equalization","score":0.7099000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5641999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-histogram-equalization","display_name":"Adaptive histogram equalization","score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4814000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4381999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-enhancement","display_name":"Image enhancement","score":0.40389999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136943445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970240","display_name":"Histogram equalization","level":4,"score":0.7099000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7045000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5720999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5641999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30387639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680744","display_name":"Adaptive histogram equalization","level":5,"score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4814000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4381999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017601658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545981","display_name":"Image enhancement","level":3,"score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75755367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104531076","display_name":"Equalization (audio)","level":3,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62725073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1771663","display_name":"Image histogram","level":5,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203504353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4765461","display_name":"Anisotropic diffusion","level":3,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22029948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45089","display_name":"Dice","level":2,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127449775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3785871","display_name":"Histogram matching","level":4,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17916492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144257","display_name":"Gamma correction","level":3,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018181011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6849688","display_name":"Contrast enhancement","level":3,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202577368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2576067","display_name":"Balanced histogram thresholding","level":5,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120796","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/796/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6f99ebde7f9a41319bdb3276d858d1ca","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6f99ebde7f9a41319bdb3276d858d1ca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 12, p 796 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120796","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/796/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322699","display_name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417361022.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417361022.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1968069998","https://openalex.org/W1976468890","https://openalex.org/W2054496749","https://openalex.org/W2118604851","https://openalex.org/W2150134853","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2783023427","https://openalex.org/W2806070179","https://openalex.org/W2913700185","https://openalex.org/W2916452242","https://openalex.org/W2919624876","https://openalex.org/W2967618867","https://openalex.org/W2998166198","https://openalex.org/W3083878718","https://openalex.org/W3101769997","https://openalex.org/W3110933240","https://openalex.org/W3157665351","https://openalex.org/W4200175037","https://openalex.org/W4210943669","https://openalex.org/W4221131817","https://openalex.org/W4234028214","https://openalex.org/W4255042232","https://openalex.org/W4280515425","https://openalex.org/W4292546331","https://openalex.org/W4297539399","https://openalex.org/W4311669649","https://openalex.org/W4376643488","https://openalex.org/W4381335501","https://openalex.org/W4385346694","https://openalex.org/W4386746152","https://openalex.org/W4386925205","https://openalex.org/W4387806336","https://openalex.org/W4388676639","https://openalex.org/W4390946647","https://openalex.org/W4391680688","https://openalex.org/W4395010894","https://openalex.org/W4397014419","https://openalex.org/W4399810523","https://openalex.org/W4405001727","https://openalex.org/W4411014762","https://openalex.org/W4413877812"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image":[0,72],"segmentation":[1,23,80,122],"is":[2,155,244],"one":[3],"of":[4,8,28,40,54,62,100,124,150,159,171,187,204,220,251],"the":[5,52,55,60,63,77,86,90,98,106,143,167,184,192,196,202,213,249],"important":[6,29],"applications":[7],"deep":[9,64,241,256],"learning":[10,65,128,163,242],"models,":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13],"U-Net":[14],"and":[15,48,57,115,131,229,239],"Mask":[16,125,129,153,164,181,226],"R-CNN,":[17,126,130],"in":[18,67],"medical":[19,37],"imaging.":[20],"The":[21,133,157,178],"image":[22,102,121,136,210,236,252],"process":[24],"enables":[25],"automated":[26],"extraction":[27],"information":[30],"within":[31],"images,":[32,45],"including":[33],"spine":[34],"X-rays,":[35],"saving":[36],"practitioners":[38],"hours":[39],"work.":[41],"However,":[42],"for":[43,119,161,175,199],"X-ray":[44],"low":[46],"contrast":[47],"noise":[49],"may":[50],"affect":[51],"quality":[53],"images":[56,78],"consequently":[58],"reduce":[59],"effectiveness":[61],"models":[66,81],"providing":[68],"a":[69,216],"robust":[70],"segmentation.":[71,177],"enhancement":[73,103,137,211,237,253],"prior":[74],"to":[75,79,84,96,142,246],"feeding":[76],"can":[82],"help":[83],"overcome":[85],"issues":[87],"caused":[88],"by":[89,208],"low-quality":[91],"images.":[92],"This":[93],"paper":[94],"aims":[95],"evaluate":[97],"effects":[99],"three":[101],"methods,":[104,212],"namely,":[105],"contrast-limited":[107],"adaptive":[108],"histogram":[109,112],"equalization":[110,113],"(CLAHE),":[111],"(HE),":[114],"anisotropic":[116],"diffusion":[117],"(AD),":[118],"improving":[120],"performance":[123,151],"non-transfer":[127],"U-Net.":[132],"findings":[134],"show":[135],"methods":[138,238],"provide":[139],"significant":[140,206],"improvement":[141,149],"U-Net,":[144,200],"and,":[145],"interestingly,":[146],"no":[147],"noticeable":[148],"on":[152,191,235],"R-CNN":[154,165,182,227],"observed.":[156],"application":[158],"HE":[160],"transfer":[162,231],"achieved":[166],"highest":[168,185],"Dice":[169,218],"score":[170,219],"0.942":[172],"\u00b1":[173,189,222],"0.001":[174],"binary":[176],"randomly":[179],"initialized":[180],"obtains":[183],"DSC":[186],"0.941":[188],"0.002":[190],"same":[193],"task.":[194],"On":[195],"other":[197],"hand,":[198],"despite":[201],"presence":[203],"statistically":[205],"change":[207],"applying":[209],"model":[214],"achieves":[215],"maximum":[217],"0.916":[221],"0.003,":[223],"lower":[224],"than":[225],"with":[228],"without":[230],"learning.":[232,257],"A":[233],"study":[234],"recent":[240],"algorithms":[243],"necessary":[245],"better":[247],"understand":[248],"effect":[250],"techniques":[254],"using":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-12-16T00:00:00"}