{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7110032434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120770","title":"Graph-Temporal Contrastive Transformer for Financial Fraud Detection Using Transaction Behavior Modeling","display_name":"Graph-Temporal Contrastive Transformer for Financial Fraud Detection Using Transaction Behavior Modeling","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7110032434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120770","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120770","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Julius Olaniyan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131135081","display_name":"Sol Plaatje University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kn7bc28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Julius Olaniyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Data Science (CADS), Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8300, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Data Science (CADS), Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8300, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Deborah Olaniyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7940-060X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah Olaniyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag X13, Kestell Road, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag X13, Kestell Road, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ibidun. C. Obagbuwa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92579986","display_name":"Walter Sisulu University","ror":"https://ror.org/02svzjn28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibidun. C. Obagbuwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Science and Computing, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Science and Computing, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Madison Ngafeeson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7805-3968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I77170853","display_name":"Palm Beach Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hexmg17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77170853"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madison Ngafeeson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rinker School of Business, Palm Beach Atlantic University, 901 S Flagler Drive, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rinker School of Business, Palm Beach Atlantic University, 901 S Flagler Drive, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77170853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":6.9508,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97035605,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"12","first_page":"770","last_page":"770"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.47360000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.47360000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11653","display_name":"Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction","score":0.3732999861240387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.016200000420212746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6391000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.6043999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-data","display_name":"Transaction data","score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transactional-leadership","display_name":"Transactional leadership","score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.3725999891757965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7426000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6391000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6043999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127722929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833714","display_name":"Transaction data","level":3,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68489960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370659","display_name":"Transactional leadership","level":2,"score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.3621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72108876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844565","display_name":"Transaction processing","level":3,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985140798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28813","display_name":"Financial fraud","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120770","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd30f86526b24ae88615bda64b33b485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd30f86526b24ae88615bda64b33b485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 12, p 770 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120770","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6821817755699158}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085766370","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2897698945","https://openalex.org/W2901504064","https://openalex.org/W2904017320","https://openalex.org/W3016945566","https://openalex.org/W3089258356","https://openalex.org/W4283658889","https://openalex.org/W4297347671","https://openalex.org/W4362665241","https://openalex.org/W4391430106","https://openalex.org/W4392563752","https://openalex.org/W4393220279","https://openalex.org/W4399849661","https://openalex.org/W4400524829","https://openalex.org/W4401487891","https://openalex.org/W4401692204","https://openalex.org/W4404390753","https://openalex.org/W4404973061","https://openalex.org/W4405264897","https://openalex.org/W4405600567","https://openalex.org/W4410260325","https://openalex.org/W4412793692","https://openalex.org/W4413277247","https://openalex.org/W4416132139","https://openalex.org/W7080295315"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detection":[0],"of":[1,16,75,85,101,123,126,156,162,184,211],"financial":[2,215],"fraud":[3,129,158,216],"remains":[4],"a":[5,43,49,57,67,95,168],"constant":[6],"challenge":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,115,141,167],"the":[10,22,73,83,102,121,133,137,154,163,181,192,197,209],"dynamic":[11],"and":[12,35,66,109,113,117,175,201,213],"highly":[13],"imbalanced":[14],"nature":[15],"transaction":[17,147],"data.":[18],"This":[19],"paper":[20],"proposes":[21],"Graph-Temporal":[23],"Contrastive":[24],"Transformer":[25],"(GTCT)":[26],"framework":[27],"for":[28,52,60,153],"modeling":[29,53,146],"both":[30],"structural":[31],"dependencies":[32],"between":[33,55,149],"accounts":[34,150],"temporal":[36,58,164,182],"evolution":[37],"in":[38,64,106,128,172,208],"transactional":[39],"behaviors.":[40],"We":[41],"propose":[42],"model":[44,195],"that":[45,71,145,179],"combines":[46],"three":[47],"components:":[48],"graph":[50,134],"encoder":[51,59,135,165],"relationships":[54],"accounts,":[56],"learning":[61,69,125],"sequential":[62],"patterns":[63],"transactions,":[65],"contrastive":[68,103],"objective":[70],"enhances":[72],"robustness":[74,207],"representations":[76,127],"when":[77],"supervision":[78],"is":[79,151,186],"limited.":[80],"To":[81],"assess":[82],"contribution":[84],"each":[86],"component":[87],"individually,":[88],"we":[89],"systematically":[90],"remove":[91],"one":[92],"module":[93],"at":[94],"time.":[96],"As":[97],"shown,":[98],"an":[99],"exclusion":[100,161],"loss":[104],"resulted":[105],"reduced":[107],"recall":[108,173],"AUC":[110,176,202],"from":[111,139],"0.867":[112],"0.982":[114],"0.805":[116],"0.948,":[118],"respectively,":[119],"indicating":[120,178],"importance":[122],"self-supervised":[124],"detection.":[130],"Similarly,":[131],"removing":[132],"decreased":[136],"F1-score":[138],"0.876":[140],"0.786,":[142],"which":[143],"confirmed":[144],"structures":[148],"crucial":[152],"identification":[155],"complex":[157],"rings.":[159],"The":[160],"led":[166],"more":[169],"drastic":[170],"drop":[171],"(0.743)":[174],"(0.905),":[177],"capturing":[180],"dynamics":[183],"transactions":[185],"relevant.":[187],"By":[188],"comparing":[189],"all":[190],"variants,":[191],"full":[193],"GTCT":[194],"attained":[196],"highest":[198],"accuracy":[199],"(0.975)":[200],"(0.982),":[203],"thus":[204],"showing":[205],"superior":[206],"detection":[210],"sophisticated":[212],"evolving":[214],"patterns.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"}
