{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417054831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120755","title":"Heterogeneous Genetic Learning and Comprehensive Learning Strategy Particle Swarm Optimizer","display_name":"Heterogeneous Genetic Learning and Comprehensive Learning Strategy Particle Swarm Optimizer","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417054831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120755","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/755/pdf?version=1764667421","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/755/pdf?version=1764667421","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054993834","display_name":"Shengliang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-287X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105990","display_name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gkn6j11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167045","display_name":"Shanxi Transportation Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05y7veh17","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167045"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305995","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcbdc92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shengliang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","School of Vehicle and Transportation Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","Shanxi Intelligent Transportation Laboratory Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030036, China","State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academic Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-287X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Transportation Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanxi Intelligent Transportation Laboratory Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030036, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167045"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academic Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100379928","display_name":"Yuqing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5673-8002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305995","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcbdc92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Transportation Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Transportation Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100704262","display_name":"Li Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-7926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305995","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcbdc92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Transportation Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Transportation Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054993834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990","https://openalex.org/I4210167045","https://openalex.org/I46305995","https://openalex.org/I9086337"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.792,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9219386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"12","first_page":"755","last_page":"755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.5472999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.5472999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.04699999839067459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12321","display_name":"Insect Pheromone Research and Control","score":0.024900000542402267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6136000156402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premature-convergence","display_name":"Premature convergence","score":0.5964000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.5228999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.3937999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-computation","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.3416999876499176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7265999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6136000156402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58758708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7240233","display_name":"Premature convergence","level":3,"score":0.5964000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.5228999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4860999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46619999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3937999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105902424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197129","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","level":2,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501734568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42918","display_name":"Mutation","level":3,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9899798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629399","display_name":"Genetic operator","level":4,"score":0.26019999384880066}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120755","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/755/pdf?version=1764667421","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:82dbb707143a46abaec6fc0ff81666c1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/82dbb707143a46abaec6fc0ff81666c1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 12, p 755 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120755","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/755/pdf?version=1764667421","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417054831.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417054831.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W883434633","https://openalex.org/W1120240326","https://openalex.org/W1179686678","https://openalex.org/W1970311014","https://openalex.org/W1987234899","https://openalex.org/W1998391576","https://openalex.org/W2017816236","https://openalex.org/W2030543747","https://openalex.org/W2038636021","https://openalex.org/W2054878539","https://openalex.org/W2058989380","https://openalex.org/W2059836574","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2064788562","https://openalex.org/W2068878490","https://openalex.org/W2083310936","https://openalex.org/W2096166399","https://openalex.org/W2118742452","https://openalex.org/W2123066915","https://openalex.org/W2131613989","https://openalex.org/W2135564892","https://openalex.org/W2139339670","https://openalex.org/W2140491475","https://openalex.org/W2143560894","https://openalex.org/W2151554678","https://openalex.org/W2187537484","https://openalex.org/W2290883490","https://openalex.org/W2586121636","https://openalex.org/W2737913985","https://openalex.org/W2751846886","https://openalex.org/W2766177067","https://openalex.org/W2789477383","https://openalex.org/W2790662215","https://openalex.org/W2905103003","https://openalex.org/W2908286818","https://openalex.org/W2963103847","https://openalex.org/W3037840638","https://openalex.org/W3195339176","https://openalex.org/W3203014616","https://openalex.org/W4280554335","https://openalex.org/W4365141441","https://openalex.org/W4386518202","https://openalex.org/W4386783396","https://openalex.org/W4405415459","https://openalex.org/W4408420323"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"canonical":[1],"PSO,":[2],"maintaining":[3],"an":[4,36,207],"appropriate":[5],"balance":[6,19],"between":[7],"exploration":[8,71],"and":[9,45,59,72,122,163,171,204],"exploitation":[10,73,107],"is":[11,83,112,136,156],"vital":[12],"for":[13,210],"optimizing":[14],"particle":[15],"behavior.":[16],"However,":[17],"this":[18,31,33],"can":[20],"be":[21],"difficult":[22],"to":[23,64,85,101,118,138],"achieve":[24],"in":[25,194],"some":[26,95],"complex":[27],"scenarios.":[28],"To":[29,149],"tackle":[30],"issue,":[32],"study":[34],"proposes":[35],"innovative":[37],"PSO":[38,49,161],"variant,":[39],"named":[40],"the":[41,54,70,87,104,115,132,140,144,151,169,190,195],"heterogeneous":[42,66],"genetic":[43,55],"learning":[44,47,56,61,94],"comprehensive":[46,60],"strategy":[48,57,62],"(HGCLPSO).":[50],"The":[51],"HGCLPSO":[52,188],"incorporates":[53],"(GLS)":[58],"(CLS)":[63],"form":[65],"sub-populations,":[67],"effectively":[68],"balancing":[69],"capabilities.":[74],"Furthermore,":[75],"a":[76,126,178],"potentially":[77],"excellent":[78],"gene":[79,97],"activation":[80],"(PEGA)":[81],"mechanism":[82,111],"designed":[84],"update":[86],"archived":[88],"position":[89],"of":[90,98,147,153,197],"gbest":[91],"(Abest)":[92],"by":[93],"excellence":[96],"individual":[99],"particles":[100],"further":[102],"enhance":[103],"GLS":[105],"sub-population":[106,117],"ability.":[108],"A":[109],"repulsive":[110],"incorporated":[113],"into":[114],"CLS":[116],"prevent":[119],"premature":[120],"convergence":[121],"preserve":[123],"diversity.":[124],"Additionally,":[125],"local":[127],"search":[128],"operator":[129],"based":[130],"on":[131],"BFGS":[133],"Quasi-Newton":[134],"method":[135],"utilized":[137],"fine-tune":[139],"best":[141],"solution":[142],"during":[143],"later":[145],"stages":[146],"evolution.":[148],"evaluate":[150],"performance":[152],"HGCLPSO,":[154],"it":[155],"benchmarked":[157],"against":[158],"eight":[159],"renowned":[160],"variants":[162],"six":[164],"additional":[165],"evolutionary":[166],"algorithms":[167],"using":[168],"CEC2014":[170],"CEC2017":[172],"test":[173,198],"suites":[174],"as":[175,177,206],"well":[176],"real-world":[179],"WSN":[180],"coverage":[181],"engineering":[182],"problem.":[183],"Experimental":[184],"outcomes":[185],"show":[186],"that":[187],"obtains":[189],"optimal":[191],"average":[192],"rank":[193],"majority":[196],"problems,":[199],"which":[200],"verifies":[201],"its":[202],"robustness":[203],"competitiveness":[205],"optimization":[208,213],"tool":[209],"addressing":[211],"continuous":[212],"tasks.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-12-05T00:00:00"}
