{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416666064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120740","title":"Integrated Satellite Driven Machine Learning Framework for Precision Irrigation and Sustainable Cotton Production","display_name":"Integrated Satellite Driven Machine Learning Framework for Precision Irrigation and Sustainable Cotton Production","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416666064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120740","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/740/pdf?version=1764065942","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/740/pdf?version=1764065942","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022922050","display_name":"Syeda Faiza Nasim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0924-2861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746803","display_name":"NED University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05db8zr24","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Syeda Faiza Nasim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029917628","display_name":"Muhammad Khurram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6577-120X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746803","display_name":"NED University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05db8zr24","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Khurram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022922050"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35797825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"12","first_page":"740","last_page":"740"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.2061000019311905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.2061000019311905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.1875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.13809999823570251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evapotranspiration","display_name":"Evapotranspiration","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.5738999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.552299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation-scheduling","display_name":"Irrigation scheduling","score":0.48240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.45840001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compositing","display_name":"Compositing","score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation","display_name":"Irrigation","score":0.445499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.38960000872612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176783924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828158","display_name":"Evapotranspiration","level":2,"score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.5738999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.552299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777589951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6073845","display_name":"Irrigation scheduling","level":3,"score":0.48240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4650999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.45840001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129315195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121886","display_name":"Compositing","level":3,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.445499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72551326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5187947","display_name":"Crop coefficient","level":3,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16405173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192316","display_name":"Geostationary orbit","level":3,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104541649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935090","display_name":"Multispectral pattern recognition","level":3,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206887242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830457","display_name":"Cloud cover","level":3,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120740","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/740/pdf?version=1764065942","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:20eb1d862ff347b78e13108550d41006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/20eb1d862ff347b78e13108550d41006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 12, p 740 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120740","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/740/pdf?version=1764065942","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316680","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323093","display_name":"NED University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05db8zr24"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416666064.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416666064.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973552978","https://openalex.org/W1979636379","https://openalex.org/W1981463364","https://openalex.org/W1994975670","https://openalex.org/W2013973535","https://openalex.org/W2015882695","https://openalex.org/W2043745600","https://openalex.org/W2117268220","https://openalex.org/W2118899651","https://openalex.org/W2754935226","https://openalex.org/W2794195626","https://openalex.org/W2896625020","https://openalex.org/W2900542319","https://openalex.org/W2972666701","https://openalex.org/W2981383845","https://openalex.org/W3151116267","https://openalex.org/W3177182631","https://openalex.org/W3184733218","https://openalex.org/W4225524983","https://openalex.org/W4281606415","https://openalex.org/W4289866098","https://openalex.org/W4310037076","https://openalex.org/W4312226793","https://openalex.org/W4321378594","https://openalex.org/W4377703008","https://openalex.org/W4379229954","https://openalex.org/W4379473669","https://openalex.org/W4384036417","https://openalex.org/W4386364452","https://openalex.org/W4390338501","https://openalex.org/W4391708122","https://openalex.org/W4402134218","https://openalex.org/W4404759113","https://openalex.org/W4407750257","https://openalex.org/W4408862315","https://openalex.org/W4409836480"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,239],"develops":[2],"a":[3,42,99,107,187,289],"satellite-based,":[4],"machine-learning-based":[5],"prediction":[6],"algorithm":[7,56,210],"to":[8,65,120,211,230,270,284],"predict":[9],"optimal":[10],"irrigation":[11,68,148,195,268,278],"scheduling":[12,269],"for":[13,50,142,291],"cotton":[14,273],"cultivation":[15],"within":[16,249],"Rahim":[17],"Yar":[18],"Khan,":[19],"Pakistan.":[20],"The":[21,54,128,150,235,275],"framework":[22],"leverages":[23],"multispectral":[24],"satellite":[25,176,218],"imagery":[26,219],"(Landsat":[27],"8":[28],"and":[29,36,61,86,106,125,137,139,164,180,214,253,257],"Sentinel-2),":[30],"GIS-derived":[31],"climatic,":[32],"land":[33],"surface":[34],"data":[35,133],"real-time":[37],"weather":[38,45,181],"information":[39],"obtained":[40],"from":[41],"freely":[43],"accessible":[44],"API,":[46],"eliminating":[47],"the":[48,71,203,208],"need":[49],"ground-based":[51],"IoT":[52],"sensors.":[53],"proposed":[55,151],"integrates":[57],"FAO-56":[58],"evapotranspiration":[59],"principles":[60],"water":[62,160,167,283],"stress":[63],"indices":[64],"accurately":[66],"forecast":[67],"requirements":[69],"across":[70,233],"four":[72],"critical":[73],"growth":[74],"stages":[75],"of":[76,101,113,170,237,263,277],"cotton.":[77],"Supervised":[78],"learning":[79],"algorithms,":[80],"including":[81],"Gradient":[82],"Boosting,":[83],"Random":[84,92],"Forest,":[85],"Logistic":[87],"Regression,":[88],"were":[89,144,223],"evaluated,":[90],"with":[91,98,207,266],"Forest":[93],"indicating":[94],"better":[95],"predictive":[96],"accuracy":[97,258],"coefficient":[100],"determination":[102],"(R2)":[103],"exceeding":[104],"0.92":[105],"root":[108],"mean":[109],"square":[110],"error":[111],"(RMSE)":[112],"approximately":[114],"415":[115],"kg/ha,":[116],"owed":[117],"its":[118,140,243,247,254],"capacity":[119],"handle":[121],"complex,":[122],"non-linear":[123],"relations,":[124],"feature":[126],"interactions.":[127],"model":[129,152],"was":[130,199],"trained":[131],"on":[132,242],"collected":[134],"during":[135],"2023":[136,163],"2024,":[138],"predictions":[141],"2025":[143],"validated":[145],"against":[146],"observed":[147],"requirements.":[149],"enabled":[153],"an":[154],"average":[155],"12\u201318%":[156],"reduction":[157],"in":[158,217],"total":[159],"application":[161,248],"between":[162],"2025,":[165],"optimizing":[166],"use":[168],"deprived":[169],"compromising":[171],"crop":[172],"yield.":[173],"By":[174],"merging":[175],"imagery,":[177],"GIS":[178],"data,":[179],"API":[182],"information,":[183],"this":[184],"approach":[185],"provides":[186],"cost-effective,":[188],"scalable":[189],"solution":[190],"that":[191],"enables":[192],"precise,":[193],"stage-specific":[194],"scheduling.":[196],"Cloud":[197],"masking":[198],"executed":[200],"by":[201,225],"applying":[202],"built-in":[204],"QA":[205],"bands":[206],"Fmask":[209],"eliminate":[212],"cloud":[213],"cloud-shadow":[215],"pixels":[216],"statistics.":[220],"Time":[221],"series":[222],"generated":[224],"compositing":[226],"monthly":[227],"median":[228],"values":[229],"ensure":[231],"consistency":[232],"images.":[234],"novelty":[236],"our":[238],"primarily":[240],"focuses":[241],"end-to-end":[244],"integration":[245],"framework,":[246],"semi-arid":[250],"agronomic":[251],"conditions,":[252],"empirical":[255],"validation":[256],"calculation":[259],"over":[260],"direct":[261],"association":[262],"multi-source":[264],"statistics":[265],"FAO-guided":[267],"support":[271],"sustainable":[272],"cultivation.":[274],"quantification":[276],"capacity,":[279],"determining":[280],"how":[281],"much":[282],"apply,":[285],"is":[286],"identified":[287],"as":[288],"focus":[290],"future":[292],"research.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}
