{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414124463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18090574","title":"A Quantum Frequency-Domain Framework for Image Transmission with Three-Qubit Error Correction","display_name":"A Quantum Frequency-Domain Framework for Image Transmission with Three-Qubit Error Correction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414124463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18090574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18090574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18090574","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/9/574/pdf?version=1757598566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/9/574/pdf?version=1757598566","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096199405","display_name":"Udara Jayasinghe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1332-9786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Udara Jayasinghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1332-9786","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113285066","display_name":"Thanuj Fernando","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3336-620X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thanuj Fernando","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3336-620X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063474698","display_name":"Anil Fernando","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-2367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anil Fernando","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-2367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063474698"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":4.188,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94278194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"9","first_page":"574","last_page":"574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-error-correction","display_name":"Quantum error correction","score":0.6970999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-channel","display_name":"Quantum channel","score":0.5692999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-capacity","display_name":"Quantum capacity","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5169000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-algorithm","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","score":0.38929998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.3578999936580658}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51003876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536431","display_name":"Quantum error correction","level":4,"score":0.6970999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.5692999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5543000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41241483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269015","display_name":"Quantum capacity","level":5,"score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5169000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.38929998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192122513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835770","display_name":"Quantum phase estimation algorithm","level":5,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206040425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4748511","display_name":"Amplitude damping channel","level":5,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59500034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464944","display_name":"Quantum Fourier transform","level":5,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55615164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830791","display_name":"Quantum superposition","level":3,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180214583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4439348","display_name":"Quantum limit","level":3,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18090574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18090574","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/9/574/pdf?version=1757598566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:94147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1519603.html>","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/94147/1/Jayasinghe-etal-Algorithms-2025-A-quantum-frequency-domain-framework.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea62e79ddee34b30b6178ee0865e9c64","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea62e79ddee34b30b6178ee0865e9c64","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 9, p 574 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18090574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18090574","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/9/574/pdf?version=1757598566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414124463.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414124463.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510818459","https://openalex.org/W1535508119","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1967982924","https://openalex.org/W1978545431","https://openalex.org/W1999706070","https://openalex.org/W2033804544","https://openalex.org/W2047856763","https://openalex.org/W2049471987","https://openalex.org/W2063592138","https://openalex.org/W2116059612","https://openalex.org/W2128765501","https://openalex.org/W2130768170","https://openalex.org/W2137032784","https://openalex.org/W2140196014","https://openalex.org/W2159269332","https://openalex.org/W2287855069","https://openalex.org/W2741137598","https://openalex.org/W2896920595","https://openalex.org/W2963127785","https://openalex.org/W2963510702","https://openalex.org/W2987696592","https://openalex.org/W3081250834","https://openalex.org/W3100060644","https://openalex.org/W3102739707","https://openalex.org/W3125185787","https://openalex.org/W3125949256","https://openalex.org/W3127258613","https://openalex.org/W3136036160","https://openalex.org/W3139648670","https://openalex.org/W3157137958","https://openalex.org/W4205635237","https://openalex.org/W4281560278","https://openalex.org/W4308970235","https://openalex.org/W4321021206","https://openalex.org/W4321610982","https://openalex.org/W4379875086","https://openalex.org/W4386883660","https://openalex.org/W4387304770","https://openalex.org/W4387653473","https://openalex.org/W4387971337","https://openalex.org/W4388486514","https://openalex.org/W4391582464","https://openalex.org/W4394897012","https://openalex.org/W4396524497","https://openalex.org/W4398760978","https://openalex.org/W4399562981","https://openalex.org/W4399602180","https://openalex.org/W4400882851","https://openalex.org/W4400973774","https://openalex.org/W4401194777","https://openalex.org/W4401725552","https://openalex.org/W4402594792","https://openalex.org/W4403204529","https://openalex.org/W4408320313","https://openalex.org/W4408609755","https://openalex.org/W4408862361","https://openalex.org/W4409325960","https://openalex.org/W4410227620","https://openalex.org/W4410581639","https://openalex.org/W4412795657","https://openalex.org/W4413067542","https://openalex.org/W4413218451"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382281260","https://openalex.org/W4226092092","https://openalex.org/W4221143630","https://openalex.org/W4281983429","https://openalex.org/W4387075962","https://openalex.org/W3121558291","https://openalex.org/W2297609635","https://openalex.org/W4392599980","https://openalex.org/W4388128801","https://openalex.org/W1989951390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"communication":[1,191,221],"enables":[2],"high-fidelity":[3],"image":[4,40,196],"transmission":[5,41,106,207],"but":[6],"is":[7,82],"vulnerable":[8],"to":[9,73,134,171,184],"channel":[10,86,174],"noise,":[11],"and":[12,25,37,71,128,155,182,215],"while":[13],"advanced":[14],"quantum":[15,39,51,74,94,98,109,126,166,179,220],"error":[16,124,143],"correction":[17],"(QEC)":[18],"can":[19],"reduce":[20],"such":[21],"effects,":[22],"its":[23],"complexity":[24],"time-domain":[26,180],"dependence":[27],"limit":[28],"practical":[29,202],"efficiency.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"presents":[33],"a":[34],"novel,":[35],"low-complexity,":[36],"noise-resilient":[38],"framework":[42],"that":[43,163],"operates":[44],"in":[45],"the":[46,50,57,62,90,112,114,118,136,164,195,201],"frequency":[47],"domain":[48],"using":[49,76,141],"Fourier":[52],"transform":[53],"(QFT)":[54],"combined":[55],"with":[56,208],"three-qubit":[58,123],"QEC":[59,81],"code.":[60],"In":[61],"proposed":[63,165],"system,":[64,192],"input":[65],"images":[66],"are":[67,100,132,139],"first":[68],"source-encoded":[69],"(JPEG/HEIF)":[70],"mapped":[72],"states":[75],"single-qubit":[77],"superposition":[78],"encoding.":[79],"Three-qubit":[80],"then":[83],"applied":[84],"for":[85,105,218],"protection,":[87],"effectively":[88],"safeguarding":[89],"encoded":[91],"data":[92,99],"against":[93],"errors.":[95],"The":[96],"channel-encoded":[97],"subsequently":[101],"transformed":[102],"via":[103],"QFT":[104,116],"over":[107,177,187],"noisy":[108],"channels.":[110],"At":[111],"receiver,":[113],"inverse":[115],"recovers":[117],"frequency-domain":[119,167],"representation,":[120],"after":[121],"which":[122],"correction,":[125],"decoding,":[127],"corresponding":[129],"source":[130],"decoding":[131],"performed":[133],"reconstruct":[135],"image.":[137],"Results":[138],"analyzed":[140],"bit":[142],"rate":[144],"(BER),":[145],"peak":[146],"signal-to-noise":[147],"ratio":[148],"(PSNR),":[149],"structural":[150],"similarity":[151],"index":[152,158],"measure":[153],"(SSIM),":[154],"universal":[156],"quality":[157],"(UQI).":[159],"Experimental":[160],"results":[161],"show":[162],"approach":[168],"achieves":[169],"up":[170,183],"4":[172],"dB":[173,186],"SNR":[175],"gain":[176],"equivalent":[178],"methods":[181],"10":[185],"an":[188,212],"equivalent-bandwidth":[189],"classical":[190],"regardless":[193],"of":[194,204],"format.":[197],"These":[198],"findings":[199],"highlight":[200],"advantages":[203],"integrating":[205],"QFT-based":[206],"lightweight":[209],"QEC,":[210],"offering":[211],"efficient,":[213],"scalable,":[214],"noise-tolerant":[216],"solution":[217],"future":[219],"networks.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}