{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413348220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080518","title":"Algorithmic Efficiency Analysis in Innovation-Driven Labor Markets: A Super-SBM and Malmquist Productivity Index Approach","display_name":"Algorithmic Efficiency Analysis in Innovation-Driven Labor Markets: A Super-SBM and Malmquist Productivity Index Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413348220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080518"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18080518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080518","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/8/518/pdf?version=1755487206","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/8/518/pdf?version=1755487206","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053552469","display_name":"Chia\u2010Nan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-3830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Nan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-3830","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117628071","display_name":"Giovanni Cahilig","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Cahilig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5117628071"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.5594,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91771946,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"8","first_page":"518","last_page":"518"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.9642999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12722","display_name":"Innovation Policy and R&D","score":0.9598000049591064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.7402511835098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.6769962310791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malmquist-index","display_name":"Malmquist index","score":0.5873866081237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4281825125217438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.3941096365451813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3879774510860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37298548221588135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.36298465728759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.33873477578163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-factor-productivity","display_name":"Total factor productivity","score":0.14403370022773743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.08318859338760376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.7402511835098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.6769962310791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777017832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6744383","display_name":"Malmquist index","level":4,"score":0.5873866081237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4281825125217438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3941096365451813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3879774510860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37298548221588135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.36298465728759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.33873477578163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120009192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936153","display_name":"Total factor productivity","level":3,"score":0.14403370022773743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.08318859338760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18080518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080518","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/8/518/pdf?version=1755487206","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d13ad49175a24ea1837d9a0c60d9159a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d13ad49175a24ea1837d9a0c60d9159a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 8, p 518 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18080518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080518","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/8/518/pdf?version=1755487206","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413348220.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413348220.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79094593","https://openalex.org/W2473247859","https://openalex.org/W2506753585","https://openalex.org/W2605832543","https://openalex.org/W2789613495","https://openalex.org/W2808153085","https://openalex.org/W2808377378","https://openalex.org/W2893118933","https://openalex.org/W2922903482","https://openalex.org/W2947048163","https://openalex.org/W2991354058","https://openalex.org/W2997126681","https://openalex.org/W2999537753","https://openalex.org/W3007236056","https://openalex.org/W3017250883","https://openalex.org/W3044501205","https://openalex.org/W3049191371","https://openalex.org/W3080616543","https://openalex.org/W3084426796","https://openalex.org/W3159741227","https://openalex.org/W3173708044","https://openalex.org/W3193981406","https://openalex.org/W3200552039","https://openalex.org/W4205722764","https://openalex.org/W4210816674","https://openalex.org/W4220880263","https://openalex.org/W4220978113","https://openalex.org/W4242126717","https://openalex.org/W4256635820","https://openalex.org/W4281612097","https://openalex.org/W4283764445","https://openalex.org/W4288696720","https://openalex.org/W4293103807","https://openalex.org/W4306701489","https://openalex.org/W4361287678","https://openalex.org/W4385609584","https://openalex.org/W4388001416","https://openalex.org/W4391151861","https://openalex.org/W4392886734","https://openalex.org/W4399552015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2440403839","https://openalex.org/W599097301","https://openalex.org/W2370775610","https://openalex.org/W2367677619","https://openalex.org/W1967872488","https://openalex.org/W3162895297","https://openalex.org/W2606830790","https://openalex.org/W2379685433","https://openalex.org/W202636441","https://openalex.org/W2588122185"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Innovation-driven":[0],"labor":[1,22],"markets":[2],"play":[3],"a":[4,80,128,145],"pivotal":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,14,31,173],"economic":[8],"development,":[9],"yet":[10],"significant":[11,120],"disparities":[12],"exist":[13],"how":[15],"efficiently":[16],"countries":[17],"transform":[18],"innovation":[19,34],"inputs":[20,86],"into":[21],"market":[23,162],"outcomes.":[24],"This":[25,142],"study":[26,143],"addresses":[27],"the":[28,55,74,105,117],"critical":[29,129],"gap":[30],"benchmarking":[32],"multi-stage":[33],"efficiency":[35,52,100,151],"by":[36,139],"developing":[37],"an":[38],"integrated":[39],"framework":[40,166],"combining":[41],"Data":[42],"Envelopment":[43],"Analysis":[44],"(DEA)":[45],"Super":[46],"Slack-Based":[47],"Measure":[48],"(Super-SBM)":[49],"for":[50,60,69,149,157,170],"static":[51],"evaluation":[53],"and":[54,92,104,116,153,176],"Malmquist":[56],"Productivity":[57],"Index":[58],"(MPI)":[59],"dynamic":[61],"productivity":[62,130,177],"decomposition,":[63],"enhanced":[64],"with":[65],"cooperative":[66],"game":[67],"theory":[68],"robustness":[70],"testing.":[71],"Focusing":[72],"on":[73],"top":[75],"20":[76],"innovative":[77],"economies":[78],"over":[79],"5-year":[81],"period,":[82],"we":[83],"analyze":[84],"key":[85],"(Innovation":[87],"Index,":[88],"GDP,":[89],"trade":[90],"openness)":[91],"outputs":[93],"(labor":[94],"force,":[95],"unemployment":[96],"rates),":[97],"revealing":[98],"stark":[99],"contrasts:":[101],"China,":[102],"Luxembourg,":[103],"U.S.":[106],"demonstrate":[107],"optimal":[108],"performance":[109],"(mean":[110],"scores":[111],">":[112],"1.9),":[113],"while":[114],"Singapore":[115],"Netherlands":[118],"show":[119],"underutilization":[121],"(scores":[122],"<":[123],"0.4).":[124],"Our":[125],"results":[126],"identify":[127],"shift":[131],"period":[132],"(average":[133],"MPI":[134],"=":[135],"1.325)":[136],"driven":[137],"primarily":[138],"technological":[140],"advancements.":[141],"contributes":[144],"replicable,":[146],"data-driven":[147],"model":[148],"cross-domain":[150],"assessment":[152],"provides":[154],"empirical":[155],"evidence":[156],"policymakers":[158],"to":[159],"optimize":[160],"innovation-labor":[161],"conversion.":[163],"The":[164],"methodological":[165],"offers":[167],"scalable":[168],"applications":[169],"future":[171],"research":[172],"computational":[174],"economics":[175],"analysis.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}