{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413024054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080487","title":"Robust U-Nets for Fetal R-Peak Identification in Electrocardiography","display_name":"Robust U-Nets for Fetal R-Peak Identification in Electrocardiography","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413024054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080487"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18080487","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080487","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/8/487/pdf?version=1754466415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/8/487/pdf?version=1754466415","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101100211","display_name":"Peishan Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peishan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0272-131X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090493697","display_name":"Stephen So","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1004-3285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen So","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1004-3285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039591248","display_name":"Belinda Schwerin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8085-6009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Belinda Schwerin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090493697","https://openalex.org/A5101100211"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.2336,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8926033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"8","first_page":"487","last_page":"487"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrocardiography","display_name":"Electrocardiography","score":0.74563068151474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6342137455940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetal-heart","display_name":"Fetal heart","score":0.4499080777168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.44893938302993774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.43842992186546326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetus","display_name":"Fetus","score":0.410499632358551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3459826111793518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33387622237205505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pregnancy","display_name":"Pregnancy","score":0.18802589178085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.14197203516960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.07092583179473877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780040984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79785","display_name":"Electrocardiography","level":2,"score":0.74563068151474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6342137455940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019522753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2657962","display_name":"Fetal heart","level":4,"score":0.4499080777168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.44893938302993774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.43842992186546326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172680121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26513","display_name":"Fetus","level":3,"score":0.410499632358551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3459826111793518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33387622237205505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.18802589178085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.14197203516960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.07092583179473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18080487","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080487","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/8/487/pdf?version=1754466415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0daf556a1fff4bfaaeff6b974528b9eb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0daf556a1fff4bfaaeff6b974528b9eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 8, p 487 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18080487","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080487","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/8/487/pdf?version=1754466415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413024054.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413024054.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1771638446","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1987737506","https://openalex.org/W2000876613","https://openalex.org/W2009520139","https://openalex.org/W2010755794","https://openalex.org/W2051243298","https://openalex.org/W2056099733","https://openalex.org/W2092073195","https://openalex.org/W2098816250","https://openalex.org/W2150982152","https://openalex.org/W2160439670","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2337433114","https://openalex.org/W2337770506","https://openalex.org/W2401391822","https://openalex.org/W2596952030","https://openalex.org/W2783767524","https://openalex.org/W2898484552","https://openalex.org/W2963931909","https://openalex.org/W2964227007","https://openalex.org/W3016765470","https://openalex.org/W3033824776","https://openalex.org/W3036152154","https://openalex.org/W3082119161","https://openalex.org/W3082645995","https://openalex.org/W3127637041","https://openalex.org/W3158472717","https://openalex.org/W3171411730","https://openalex.org/W3200597478","https://openalex.org/W4220767242","https://openalex.org/W4220789554","https://openalex.org/W4233503724","https://openalex.org/W4280542086","https://openalex.org/W4287639545","https://openalex.org/W4312915960","https://openalex.org/W4320406025","https://openalex.org/W4366669163","https://openalex.org/W4376226279","https://openalex.org/W4383618020","https://openalex.org/W4395484721","https://openalex.org/W4399753227","https://openalex.org/W4404628885","https://openalex.org/W6606625492","https://openalex.org/W6650517915","https://openalex.org/W6784225549","https://openalex.org/W6838395884","https://openalex.org/W7075698626"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2380833439","https://openalex.org/W1983943420","https://openalex.org/W2411484928","https://openalex.org/W4236391729","https://openalex.org/W2327918952","https://openalex.org/W2472770750","https://openalex.org/W1523640090","https://openalex.org/W4250182384","https://openalex.org/W2444201035","https://openalex.org/W1573467981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"fetal":[1,6,207],"R-peak":[2,41],"detection":[3,42,91,182],"from":[4,44,198],"low-SNR":[5,45,135],"electrocardiogram":[7],"(FECG)":[8],"signals":[9,24,47,193],"remains":[10],"a":[11,35,94,113],"critical":[12],"challenge":[13],"as":[14],"current":[15],"NI-FECG":[16],"methods":[17],"struggle":[18],"to":[19,60,88,176],"extract":[20],"high":[21],"SNR":[22,150],"FECG":[23,46,110,192],"and":[25,71,102,112,121,141],"conventional":[26],"algorithms":[27],"fail":[28],"when":[29],"signal":[30],"quality":[31],"deteriorates.":[32],"We":[33],"proposed":[34,81],"U-Net-based":[36],"method":[37,63,82],"that":[38,56],"enables":[39],"robust":[40],"directly":[43],"(0\u201312":[48],"dB),":[49],"bypassing":[50],"the":[51,108,127,155,165,188,204],"need":[52],"for":[53,203],"high-SNR":[54,191],"inputs":[55],"are":[57],"clinically":[58],"difficult":[59],"acquire.":[61],"The":[62,80],"was":[64],"evaluated":[65],"on":[66,107,126,151,190],"both":[67],"real":[68,152],"(A&D":[69],"FECG)":[70],"synthetic":[72],"(FECGSYN)":[73],"databases,":[74],"comparing":[75],"against":[76],"ten":[77],"state-of-the-art":[78],"detectors.":[79],"significantly":[83],"reduces":[84,187],"false":[85],"predictions":[86],"compared":[87],"commonly":[89],"used":[90],"algorithms,":[92],"achieving":[93],"PPV":[95,114],"of":[96,100,105,115,119,124,132,206],"99.81%,":[97],"an":[98,103,117,122],"SEN":[99,118],"100.00%,":[101],"F1-score":[104,123,146],"99.91%":[106],"A&D":[109],"database":[111],"99.96%,":[116],"99.93%,":[120],"99.94%":[125],"FECGSYN":[128],"database.":[129],"Further":[130],"investigation":[131],"robustness":[133],"in":[134,159,212],"conditions":[136],"(0":[137],"dB,":[138,140],"5":[139],"10":[142],"dB)":[143],"achieved":[144],"87.38%":[145],"at":[147],"0":[148],"dB":[149],"signals,":[153,200],"surpassing":[154],"best-performing":[156],"algorithm":[157,166],"implemented":[158],"Neurokit":[160],"by":[161,194],"13.58%.":[162],"In":[163],"addition,":[164],"showed":[167],"\u22642.65%":[168],"performance":[169],"variation":[170],"across":[171],"tolerance":[172],"windows":[173],"(50":[174],"reduced":[175],"20":[177],"ms),":[178],"further":[179],"underscoring":[180],"its":[181],"accuracy.":[183],"Overall,":[184],"this":[185],"work":[186],"reliance":[189],"reliably":[195],"extracting":[196],"R-peaks":[197],"suboptimal":[199],"providing":[201],"implications":[202],"reliability":[205],"heart":[208],"rate":[209],"variability":[210],"analysis":[211],"real-world":[213],"noisy":[214],"environments.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}