{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412551815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080453","title":"A Hybrid CNN\u2013GRU\u2013LSTM Algorithm with SHAP-Based Interpretability for EEG-Based ADHD Diagnosis","display_name":"A Hybrid CNN\u2013GRU\u2013LSTM Algorithm with SHAP-Based Interpretability for EEG-Based ADHD Diagnosis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412551815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080453"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18080453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080453","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/8/453/pdf?version=1753155840","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/8/453/pdf?version=1753155840","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061583495","display_name":"Makbal Baibulova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9373-1261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10232997","display_name":"L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0242cby63","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Makbal Baibulova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018697408","display_name":"Murat Aitimov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8397-8914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129744","display_name":"Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0336rcx12","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129744"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Murat Aitimov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Program of Informatics and Information and Communication Technologies, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda 120000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8397-8914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Program of Informatics and Information and Communication Technologies, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda 120000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119036884","display_name":"Roza Burganova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141757","display_name":"Astana Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mavt60","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roza Burganova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Work and Tourism, Esil University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Work and Tourism, Esil University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093687196","display_name":"\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0437\u0430\u0442 \u0410\u0431\u0434\u044b\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2536-0358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101819","display_name":"M. Kh Dulati Taraz State University","ror":"https://ror.org/014kyp779","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101819"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lazzat Abdykerimova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, M. Kh. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, M. Kh. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101819"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044136807","display_name":"Umida Sabirova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47151758","display_name":"National University of Uzbekistan","ror":"https://ror.org/011647w73","country_code":"UZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47151758"]}],"countries":["UZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umida Sabirova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, National University of Uzbekistan Named After Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, National University of Uzbekistan Named After Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47151758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097983841","display_name":"Zhanat Seitakhmetova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096915","display_name":"Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00vj0q898","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096915"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanat Seitakhmetova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Modeling and Information Technology, East Kazakhstan University Named After S. Amanzholov, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Modeling and Information Technology, East Kazakhstan University Named After S. Amanzholov, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119036885","display_name":"Gulsiya Uvaliyeva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157209","display_name":"Caspian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05czq7m38","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157209"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gulsiya Uvaliyeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sh. Yessenov Caspian University of Technology and Engineering, Aktau 130000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sh. Yessenov Caspian University of Technology and Engineering, Aktau 130000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119036886","display_name":"Maksym Orynbassar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157209","display_name":"Caspian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05czq7m38","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157209"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maksym Orynbassar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sh. Yessenov Caspian University of Technology and Engineering, Aktau 130000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sh. Yessenov Caspian University of Technology and Engineering, Aktau 130000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099017528","display_name":"Aislu Kassekeyeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5547-0718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10232997","display_name":"L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0242cby63","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aislu Kassekeyeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091058350","display_name":"Murizah Kassim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8494-4783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Murizah Kassim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering, University Technology MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering, University Technology MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018697408","https://openalex.org/A5091058350"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129744","https://openalex.org/I4210138650"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":2.3028,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8821026,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"8","first_page":"453","last_page":"453"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9506745338439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6320386528968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5113953948020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.47580772638320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4516134560108185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39234206080436707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.19423475861549377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.11943891644477844}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9506745338439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6320386528968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5113953948020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.47580772638320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4516134560108185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39234206080436707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.19423475861549377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.11943891644477844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18080453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080453","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/8/453/pdf?version=1753155840","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f339d24eb00b40f3abbee9505f016334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f339d24eb00b40f3abbee9505f016334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 8, p 453 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18080453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080453","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/8/453/pdf?version=1753155840","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412551815.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412551815.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170219130","https://openalex.org/W2904967073","https://openalex.org/W2915893085","https://openalex.org/W2963355311","https://openalex.org/W2964432357","https://openalex.org/W3006260767","https://openalex.org/W3046615765","https://openalex.org/W3049043038","https://openalex.org/W3128855809","https://openalex.org/W3166334489","https://openalex.org/W4220840335","https://openalex.org/W4306913492","https://openalex.org/W4311125890","https://openalex.org/W4321188794","https://openalex.org/W4362514394","https://openalex.org/W4386529840","https://openalex.org/W4386879760","https://openalex.org/W4389508429","https://openalex.org/W4399216212","https://openalex.org/W4408566159"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,186],"study":[1],"proposes":[2],"an":[3],"interpretable":[4],"hybrid":[5,54,104,147,182],"deep":[6],"learning":[7],"framework":[8],"for":[9,72,197],"classifying":[10],"attention":[11,81,90],"deficit":[12],"hyperactivity":[13],"disorder":[14],"(ADHD)":[15],"using":[16,139],"EEG":[17,131],"signals":[18],"recorded":[19],"during":[20],"cognitively":[21],"demanding":[22],"tasks.":[23],"The":[24],"core":[25],"architecture":[26],"integrates":[27],"convolutional":[28],"neural":[29],"networks":[30],"(CNNs),":[31],"gated":[32],"recurrent":[33],"units":[34],"(GRUs),":[35],"and":[36,46,88,112,160,163,193],"long":[37],"short-term":[38],"memory":[39],"(LSTM)":[40],"layers":[41],"to":[42,51,128,134],"jointly":[43],"capture":[44],"spatial":[45],"temporal":[47],"dynamics.":[48],"In":[49,167],"addition":[50],"the":[52,56,77,145,181,189],"final":[53],"architecture,":[55],"CNN\u2013GRU\u2013LSTM":[57],"model":[58,106,148],"alone":[59],"demonstrates":[60,143],"excellent":[61],"accuracy":[62,154],"(99.63%)":[63],"with":[64,86,93,152],"minimal":[65],"variance,":[66],"making":[67],"it":[68],"a":[69,94,116],"strong":[70],"baseline":[71],"clinical":[73,184],"applications.":[74],"To":[75,119],"evaluate":[76],"role":[78],"of":[79,191],"global":[80],"mechanisms,":[82],"transformer":[83,96],"encoder":[84],"models":[85],"two":[87],"three":[89],"blocks,":[91],"along":[92],"spatiotemporal":[95],"employing":[97],"2D":[98],"positional":[99],"encoding,":[100],"are":[101,126],"benchmarked.":[102],"A":[103],"CNN\u2013RNN\u2013transformer":[105],"is":[107],"introduced,":[108],"combining":[109],"convolutional,":[110],"recurrent,":[111],"transformer-based":[113],"modules":[114],"into":[115],"unified":[117],"architecture.":[118],"enhance":[120],"interpretability,":[121],"SHapley":[122],"Additive":[123],"exPlanations":[124],"(SHAP)":[125],"employed":[127],"identify":[129],"key":[130],"channels":[132],"contributing":[133],"classification":[135],"outcomes.":[136],"Experimental":[137],"evaluation":[138],"stratified":[140],"five-fold":[141],"cross-validation":[142],"that":[144],"proposed":[146],"achieves":[149],"superior":[150],"performance,":[151],"average":[153],"exceeding":[155],"99.98%,":[156],"F1-scores":[157],"above":[158],"0.9999,":[159],"near-perfect":[161],"AUC":[162],"Matthews":[164],"correlation":[165],"coefficients.":[166],"contrast,":[168],"transformer-only":[169],"models,":[170],"despite":[171],"high":[172],"training":[173],"accuracy,":[174],"exhibit":[175],"reduced":[176],"generalization.":[177],"SHAP-based":[178],"analysis":[179],"confirms":[180],"model\u2019s":[183],"relevance.":[185],"work":[187],"advances":[188],"development":[190],"transparent":[192],"reliable":[194],"EEG-based":[195],"tools":[196],"pediatric":[198],"ADHD":[199],"screening.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}