{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412004258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070412","title":"Analysis of Reliability and Efficiency of Information Extraction Using AI-Based Chatbot: The More-for-Less Paradox","display_name":"Analysis of Reliability and Efficiency of Information Extraction Using AI-Based Chatbot: The More-for-Less Paradox","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412004258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070412"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18070412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070412","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/412/pdf?version=1751552047","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/412/pdf?version=1751552047","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108144978","display_name":"Eugene Levner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157943965","display_name":"Holon Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02prqh017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157943965"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eugene Levner","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Faculty of Sciences, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon 58102, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Faculty of Sciences, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon 58102, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157943965"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015106503","display_name":"Boris Kriheli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154488051","display_name":"Ashkelon Academic College","ror":"https://ror.org/00sfwx025","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154488051"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Kriheli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon 78211, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon 78211, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154488051"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108144978"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157943965"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18854486,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"7","first_page":"412","last_page":"412"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14260","display_name":"Impact of AI and Big Data on Business and Society","score":0.4729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14260","display_name":"Impact of AI and Big Data on Business and Society","score":0.4729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.7925539612770081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.7128293514251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.6094124913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6066260933876038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.4764152765274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.44861143827438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4007580578327179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3739311993122101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33466315269470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3203950524330139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.14686104655265808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromatography","display_name":"Chromatography","score":0.13548654317855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11211472749710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.10182353854179382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08324021100997925}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.7925539612770081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.7128293514251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6094124913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6066260933876038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.4764152765274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.44861143827438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4007580578327179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3739311993122101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33466315269470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3203950524330139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.14686104655265808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.13548654317855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11211472749710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.10182353854179382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08324021100997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18070412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070412","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/412/pdf?version=1751552047","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cbdec2bf0aed4084ba21977e359b258b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cbdec2bf0aed4084ba21977e359b258b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 7, p 412 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18070412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070412","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/412/pdf?version=1751552047","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412004258.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412004258.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W578719842","https://openalex.org/W631088698","https://openalex.org/W1987984121","https://openalex.org/W2016442706","https://openalex.org/W2019629564","https://openalex.org/W2025526343","https://openalex.org/W2071512367","https://openalex.org/W2077042172","https://openalex.org/W2079732033","https://openalex.org/W2084476663","https://openalex.org/W2104680817","https://openalex.org/W2108455643","https://openalex.org/W2135947416","https://openalex.org/W2343832013","https://openalex.org/W2922308911","https://openalex.org/W3012264108","https://openalex.org/W3167898434","https://openalex.org/W3213182399","https://openalex.org/W4206456103","https://openalex.org/W4280577403","https://openalex.org/W4295781735","https://openalex.org/W4301378748","https://openalex.org/W4399324731","https://openalex.org/W4402523902","https://openalex.org/W4402862324","https://openalex.org/W4403827956","https://openalex.org/W4407176707","https://openalex.org/W6650925701","https://openalex.org/W6676695126","https://openalex.org/W6697080403"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033512842","https://openalex.org/W4233600955","https://openalex.org/W4322734194","https://openalex.org/W3116237489","https://openalex.org/W4404996554","https://openalex.org/W2913665393","https://openalex.org/W2369695847","https://openalex.org/W3005535424","https://openalex.org/W2994319598","https://openalex.org/W2047067935"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,31,46,68,75,85,113,126,146,163,179,183,190,211,218,226,233,251,254,264,272,323],"problem":[4,13,35,42,255],"of":[5,84,89,134,148,166,171,208,253,267,326],"information":[6,19,180],"extraction":[7],"using":[8],"an":[9,60,90,111,277],"AI-powered":[10,91],"chatbot.":[11],"The":[12,87],"concerns":[14],"searching":[15,216],"and":[16,77,98,110,118,139,155,177,214,294],"extracting":[17],"relevant":[18,178],"from":[20],"large":[21],"databases":[22,213],"in":[23,38,81,222,248],"response":[24],"to":[25,58,63,94,151,243,257],"a":[26,64,72,102,107,149,172,193,198,206,259,287,301],"human":[27,70,108,114,194,219],"user\u2019s":[28],"query.":[29],"Expanding":[30],"traditional":[32],"discrete":[33],"search":[34,137,260,295,310],"well":[36],"known":[37],"operations":[39],"research,":[40],"this":[41,249,312,327],"introduces":[43],"two":[44,131],"players;":[45],"first":[47],"player\u2014an":[48],"AI":[49,202,291,304],"chatbot":[50,76,92,173,184,203,234,268,292,305],"such":[51],"as":[52,145],"ChatGPT":[53],"4.0\u2014sequentially":[54],"scans":[55,209,269],"available":[56],"datasets":[57],"find":[59],"appropriate":[61],"answer":[62],"given":[65,212],"query,":[66],"while":[67],"second\u2014a":[69],"user\u2014conducts":[71],"dialogue":[73],"with":[74,125,282,315],"evaluates":[78],"its":[79],"answers":[80],"each":[82,239],"round":[83],"dialogue.":[86],"goal":[88],"is":[93,123,143,160,187,235,256],"provide":[95,156],"maximally":[96],"useful":[97],"accurate":[99,176],"information.":[100],"During":[101],"natural":[103],"language":[104],"conversation":[105],"between":[106,290],"user":[109,115,153,195,220,274],"AI,":[112],"can":[116],"modify":[117],"refine":[119],"queries":[120,154],"until":[121,217],"s/he":[122],"satisfied":[124],"chatbot\u2019s":[127],"output.":[128],"We":[129],"analyze":[130],"key":[132],"characteristics":[133],"human\u2013AI":[135],"interaction:":[136],"reliability":[138,142,293],"efficiency.":[140],"Search":[141,169],"defined":[144],"ability":[147],"robot":[150],"understand":[152],"correct":[157,167,199],"answers;":[158],"it":[159,186],"measured":[161,188],"by":[162,182,189],"frequency":[164],"(probability)":[165],"answers.":[168],"efficiency":[170],"indicates":[174],"how":[175],"returned":[181],"is;":[185],"satisfaction":[191,275],"level":[192],"receives":[196],"for":[197,262],"answer.":[200],"An":[201],"must":[204],"perform":[205],"sequence":[207,266],"over":[210,276],"continue":[215],"declares,":[221],"some":[223],"round,":[224],"that":[225,232,270],"target":[227],"has":[228],"been":[229],"found.":[230],"Assuming":[231],"not":[236],"completely":[237],"reliable,":[238],"database":[240],"may":[241,306],"have":[242,307],"be":[244],"scanned":[245],"infinitely":[246],"often;":[247],"case,":[250],"objective":[252],"determine":[258],"policy":[261],"finding":[263],"optimal":[265],"maximizes":[271],"expected":[273,309],"infinite":[278],"time":[279],"horizon.":[280],"Along":[281],"these":[283],"results,":[284],"we":[285,321],"found":[286],"counterintuitive":[288],"relationship":[289],"performance:":[296],"under":[297],"sufficiently":[298],"general":[299],"conditions,":[300],"less":[302],"reliable":[303],"higher":[308],"efficiency;":[311],"phenomenon":[313],"aligns":[314],"other":[316],"well-known":[317],"\u201cmore-for-less\u201d":[318],"paradoxes.":[319],"Finally,":[320],"discussed":[322],"underlying":[324],"mechanism":[325],"paradox.":[328]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}