{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411787505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070401","title":"Smart and Secure Healthcare with Digital Twins: A Deep Dive into Blockchain, Federated Learning, and Future Innovations","display_name":"Smart and Secure Healthcare with Digital Twins: A Deep Dive into Blockchain, Federated Learning, and Future Innovations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411787505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070401"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18070401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070401","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/401/pdf?version=1751287771","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/401/pdf?version=1751287771","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050772292","display_name":"Ezz El\u2010Din Hemdan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-144X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ezz El-Din Hemdan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32952, Egypt","Structure and Materials Research Lab, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32952, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Structure and Materials Research Lab, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040641310","display_name":"Amged Sayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3114-2840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59272784","display_name":"Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/0004vyj87","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amged Sayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Energy Engineering, College of Engineering & Technology, Arab Academy for Science Technology & Maritime Transport, Smart Village Campus, Giza 12577, Egypt","Industrial Electronics and Control Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32952, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Energy Engineering, College of Engineering & Technology, Arab Academy for Science Technology & Maritime Transport, Smart Village Campus, Giza 12577, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Electronics and Control Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32952, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050772292"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983","https://openalex.org/I63601056"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":36.8035,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99674587,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"7","first_page":"401","last_page":"401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.7669000029563904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.7669000029563904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13475","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Law","score":0.7128999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14260","display_name":"Impact of AI and Big Data on Business and Society","score":0.692300021648407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9391239881515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6100946068763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.43116217851638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42016342282295227}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9391239881515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6100946068763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.43116217851638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42016342282295227}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18070401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070401","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/401/pdf?version=1751287771","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:00a894ce47b54178ae2fe04dbb2f66e7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/00a894ce47b54178ae2fe04dbb2f66e7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 7, p 401 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18070401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070401","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/401/pdf?version=1751287771","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327702","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411787505.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411787505.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2475587684","https://openalex.org/W2779841455","https://openalex.org/W2886253469","https://openalex.org/W2912655119","https://openalex.org/W2941876953","https://openalex.org/W2980542546","https://openalex.org/W3011259566","https://openalex.org/W3013702075","https://openalex.org/W3019073377","https://openalex.org/W3022972893","https://openalex.org/W3100779497","https://openalex.org/W3109375702","https://openalex.org/W3119637545","https://openalex.org/W3127757142","https://openalex.org/W3129199420","https://openalex.org/W3137711069","https://openalex.org/W3137762252","https://openalex.org/W3158340936","https://openalex.org/W3162352308","https://openalex.org/W3168994983","https://openalex.org/W3173023358","https://openalex.org/W3177794303","https://openalex.org/W3185516026","https://openalex.org/W3186605977","https://openalex.org/W3193254256","https://openalex.org/W3203932036","https://openalex.org/W3206162503","https://openalex.org/W4214640376","https://openalex.org/W4287510307","https://openalex.org/W4287854318","https://openalex.org/W4293428560","https://openalex.org/W4306376960","https://openalex.org/W4313623198","https://openalex.org/W4317425179","https://openalex.org/W4321350873","https://openalex.org/W4322754240","https://openalex.org/W4361770089","https://openalex.org/W4362553569","https://openalex.org/W4364353816","https://openalex.org/W4367836152","https://openalex.org/W4377294193","https://openalex.org/W4379881809","https://openalex.org/W4380033540","https://openalex.org/W4380365787","https://openalex.org/W4382769645","https://openalex.org/W4383216696","https://openalex.org/W4383220309","https://openalex.org/W4385301518","https://openalex.org/W4385376417","https://openalex.org/W4386422261","https://openalex.org/W4386436235","https://openalex.org/W4386958277","https://openalex.org/W4388011480","https://openalex.org/W4390701326","https://openalex.org/W4390831829","https://openalex.org/W4391067282","https://openalex.org/W4391892432","https://openalex.org/W4391968238","https://openalex.org/W4392151712","https://openalex.org/W4392283602","https://openalex.org/W4392823861","https://openalex.org/W4395084399","https://openalex.org/W4396877927","https://openalex.org/W4398765983","https://openalex.org/W4403839263","https://openalex.org/W4404387186","https://openalex.org/W4405310800","https://openalex.org/W4405717907","https://openalex.org/W4405726717","https://openalex.org/W4406526576","https://openalex.org/W4406549665","https://openalex.org/W4406983312","https://openalex.org/W4407098178","https://openalex.org/W4409175826","https://openalex.org/W4409989544","https://openalex.org/W6786061324"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"cutting-edge":[3],"technologies,":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6,84,152],"artificial":[7],"intelligence":[8],"(AI),":[9],"blockchain,":[10],"and":[11,24,32,54,67,92,108,118,124,132,160,172,182,193],"digital":[12,60,103,178],"twin":[13,104],"(DT),":[14],"have":[15],"revolutionized":[16],"the":[17,39,100,111,167,186],"healthcare":[18,112,177],"sector":[19],"by":[20],"enhancing":[21],"public":[22],"health":[23],"treatment":[25],"quality":[26],"through":[27],"precise":[28],"diagnosis,":[29],"preventive":[30],"measures,":[31],"real-time":[33],"care":[34],"capabilities.":[35],"Despite":[36],"these":[37,76,128],"advancements,":[38],"massive":[40],"amount":[41],"of":[42,102],"generated":[43],"biomedical":[44],"data":[45,63,95],"puts":[46],"substantial":[47],"challenges":[48],"associated":[49],"with":[50,106,180],"information":[51],"security,":[52,68],"privacy,":[53],"scalability.":[55],"Applying":[56],"blockchain":[57,107,181],"in":[58,74,110,175],"healthcare-based":[59],"twins":[61,179],"ensures":[62],"integrity,":[64],"immutability,":[65],"consistency,":[66],"making":[69],"it":[70],"a":[71,85,153,189],"critical":[72],"component":[73],"addressing":[75],"challenges.":[77],"Federated":[78],"learning":[79,141],"(FL)":[80],"has":[81],"also":[82,121],"emerged":[83],"promising":[86],"AI":[87],"technique":[88],"to":[89],"enhance":[90],"privacy":[91],"enable":[93],"decentralized":[94],"processing.":[96],"This":[97],"paper":[98],"investigates":[99],"integration":[101],"concepts":[105],"FL":[109],"domain,":[113],"focusing":[114],"on":[115,139],"their":[116],"architecture":[117],"applications.":[119],"It":[120],"explores":[122],"platforms":[123],"solutions":[125],"that":[126],"leverage":[127],"technologies":[129],"for":[130,142,156,188],"secure":[131],"scalable":[133],"medical":[134,195],"implementations.":[135],"A":[136],"case":[137],"study":[138],"federated":[140,183],"electroencephalogram":[143],"(EEG)":[144],"signal":[145],"classification":[146],"is":[147],"presented,":[148],"demonstrating":[149],"its":[150],"potential":[151],"diagnostic":[154],"tool":[155],"brain":[157],"activity":[158],"analysis":[159],"neurological":[161],"disorder":[162],"detection.":[163],"Finally,":[164],"we":[165],"highlight":[166],"key":[168],"challenges,":[169],"emerging":[170],"opportunities,":[171],"future":[173],"directions":[174],"advancing":[176],"learning,":[184],"paving":[185],"way":[187],"more":[190],"intelligent,":[191],"secure,":[192],"privacy-preserving":[194],"ecosystem.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
