{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411211396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18060359","title":"ADDAEIL: Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-Based Incremental Learning","display_name":"ADDAEIL: Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-Based Incremental Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411211396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18060359"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18060359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18060359","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/6/359/pdf?version=1749639976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/6/359/pdf?version=1749639976","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104318906","display_name":"Danlei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6578-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danlei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6578-2241","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068740589","display_name":"Nirmal\u2010Kumar C. Nair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8456-3999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8456-3999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091532881","display_name":"Kevin I\u2010Kai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-2558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kevin I-Kai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-2558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091532881"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":11.4708,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98174131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"6","first_page":"359","last_page":"359"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.805774450302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6325116157531738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.6105092167854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-drift","display_name":"Concept drift","score":0.6053272485733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incremental-learning","display_name":"Incremental learning","score":0.5986692309379578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.5531798005104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48465901613235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36189404129981995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3230607509613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11876896023750305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.805774450302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6325116157531738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.6105092167854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60777511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045002","display_name":"Concept drift","level":3,"score":0.6053272485733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780735816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324931","display_name":"Incremental learning","level":2,"score":0.5986692309379578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5531798005104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48465901613235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36189404129981995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3230607509613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11876896023750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89198739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079880","display_name":"Data stream mining","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18060359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18060359","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/6/359/pdf?version=1749639976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:083d0cf574b5470180ff9e723d5255f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/083d0cf574b5470180ff9e723d5255f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 6, p 359 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18060359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18060359","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/6/359/pdf?version=1749639976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310144","display_name":"Tertiary Education Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05xhe5a74"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317459","display_name":"QuakeCoRE","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411211396.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411211396.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1242748811","https://openalex.org/W1536719639","https://openalex.org/W1581231885","https://openalex.org/W1585854823","https://openalex.org/W1995443851","https://openalex.org/W2099419573","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2143991132","https://openalex.org/W2160512933","https://openalex.org/W2171809276","https://openalex.org/W2191950414","https://openalex.org/W2498137302","https://openalex.org/W2620661538","https://openalex.org/W2891560655","https://openalex.org/W3000948009","https://openalex.org/W3004207920","https://openalex.org/W3015959599","https://openalex.org/W3024307936","https://openalex.org/W3102015031","https://openalex.org/W3135908355","https://openalex.org/W3166207064","https://openalex.org/W3200219001","https://openalex.org/W4200217704","https://openalex.org/W4220851938","https://openalex.org/W4224316504","https://openalex.org/W4226060502","https://openalex.org/W4280549649","https://openalex.org/W4293577731","https://openalex.org/W4365393071","https://openalex.org/W4382461973","https://openalex.org/W4384564296","https://openalex.org/W4386799757","https://openalex.org/W4402353311","https://openalex.org/W4402955991","https://openalex.org/W4406068194","https://openalex.org/W4408795288","https://openalex.org/W6685747873","https://openalex.org/W6785333560","https://openalex.org/W6796534261","https://openalex.org/W6847573028"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W2912112202","https://openalex.org/W4377864969","https://openalex.org/W3120251014"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time":[0],"series":[1,47],"anomaly":[2,34,101],"detection":[3,35,54,75,102],"in":[4,43,68,133],"streaming":[5,45],"environments":[6],"faces":[7],"persistent":[8],"challenges":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,40,79,104],"concept":[12,41],"drift,":[13],"which":[14],"gradually":[15],"degrades":[16],"model":[17,103],"reliability.":[18],"In":[19],"this":[20],"paper,":[21],"we":[22],"propose":[23],"Anomaly":[24],"Detection":[25],"with":[26,61],"Drift-Aware":[27],"Ensemble-based":[28],"Incremental":[29],"Learning":[30],"(ADDAEIL),":[31],"an":[32,89],"unsupervised":[33,74],"framework":[36],"that":[37,56,121],"incrementally":[38],"adapts":[39],"drift":[42,53,87],"non-stationary":[44,134],"time":[46],"data.":[48],"ADDAEIL":[49,122],"integrates":[50],"a":[51],"hybrid":[52],"mechanism":[55],"combines":[57],"statistical":[58],"distribution":[59],"tests":[60],"structural-based":[62],"performance":[63,132],"evaluation":[64],"of":[65],"base":[66,96],"detectors":[67],"Isolation":[69],"Forest.":[70],"This":[71,98],"design":[72],"enables":[73],"and":[76,117,128],"continuous":[77],"adaptation":[78],"evolving":[80],"data":[81,135],"patterns.":[82],"Based":[83],"on":[84,114],"the":[85,100],"estimated":[86],"intensity,":[88],"adaptive":[90],"update":[91],"strategy":[92],"selectively":[93],"replaces":[94],"degraded":[95],"detectors.":[97],"allows":[99],"incorporate":[105],"new":[106],"information":[107],"while":[108],"preserving":[109],"useful":[110],"historical":[111],"behavior.":[112],"Experiments":[113],"both":[115],"real-world":[116],"synthetic":[118],"datasets":[119],"show":[120],"consistently":[123],"outperforms":[124],"existing":[125],"state-of-the-art":[126],"methods":[127],"maintains":[129],"robust":[130],"long-term":[131],"streams.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-28T08:01:55.173337","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}