{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410828540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18060321","title":"Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Power Grids Using Fuzzy Bayesian Networks Through Expert Elicitation: A Technical Analysis","display_name":"Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Power Grids Using Fuzzy Bayesian Networks Through Expert Elicitation: A Technical Analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410828540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18060321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18060321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18060321","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/6/321/pdf?version=1748421607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/6/321/pdf?version=1748421607","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101478312","display_name":"Yasir Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2887-2789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yasir Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2887-2789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114262856","display_name":"Nof Yasir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9675-5378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nof Yasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9675-5378","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036866260","display_name":"Nita Yodo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nita Yodo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062802994","display_name":"Ying Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4119-9522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062645581","display_name":"Di Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4455-1504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4455-1504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058275921","display_name":"Roy McCann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-0099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roy A. McCann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-0099","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062802994","https://openalex.org/A5101478312"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.6161,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86193507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"6","first_page":"321","last_page":"321"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-elicitation","display_name":"Expert elicitation","score":0.7973622679710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6601392030715942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5979242920875549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-network","display_name":"Bayesian network","score":0.5894770622253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.49919819831848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4512653350830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4378880560398102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39586424827575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3569222092628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20900121331214905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.18299758434295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.06017163395881653}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72161134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421219","display_name":"Expert elicitation","level":2,"score":0.7973622679710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6601392030715942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5979242920875549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.5894770622253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.49919819831848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4512653350830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4378880560398102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39586424827575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3569222092628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20900121331214905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.18299758434295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.06017163395881653}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18060321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18060321","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/6/321/pdf?version=1748421607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eed4291790c14539843e0c5dc4718a77","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eed4291790c14539843e0c5dc4718a77","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 6, p 321 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18060321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18060321","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/6/321/pdf?version=1748421607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1229166439","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"693JK3250009CAAP","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332392","funder_display_name":"Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2386191971","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OIA-2119691","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338283","funder_display_name":"Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3273184557","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RII Track-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3308154314","display_name":"RII Track-2 FEC: Artificial Intelligence on Sustainable Energy Infrastructure Network (AI SUSTEIN)  and Beyond towards Industries of the Future","funder_award_id":"2119691","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7594180072","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"693JK3250009CAAP","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8732376063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OIA-2119691","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332392","display_name":"Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338283","display_name":"Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04k9mqs78"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410828540.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410828540.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1832102335","https://openalex.org/W2026554835","https://openalex.org/W2038165774","https://openalex.org/W2047428665","https://openalex.org/W2050994352","https://openalex.org/W2099162017","https://openalex.org/W2344557504","https://openalex.org/W2555613390","https://openalex.org/W2626816874","https://openalex.org/W2757284822","https://openalex.org/W2808549480","https://openalex.org/W2811509783","https://openalex.org/W2899117996","https://openalex.org/W2900629100","https://openalex.org/W2902181097","https://openalex.org/W2913820977","https://openalex.org/W2913895746","https://openalex.org/W2915013398","https://openalex.org/W2921534671","https://openalex.org/W2924012089","https://openalex.org/W3010279147","https://openalex.org/W3010742088","https://openalex.org/W3026529042","https://openalex.org/W3042040320","https://openalex.org/W3094299045","https://openalex.org/W3117942735","https://openalex.org/W3126550530","https://openalex.org/W3157684487","https://openalex.org/W3163371149","https://openalex.org/W3183474108","https://openalex.org/W4200263396","https://openalex.org/W4248560048","https://openalex.org/W4285070434","https://openalex.org/W4292223475","https://openalex.org/W4300772351","https://openalex.org/W4313180186","https://openalex.org/W4313320986","https://openalex.org/W4313492056","https://openalex.org/W4318214868","https://openalex.org/W4318464589","https://openalex.org/W4324061716","https://openalex.org/W4324290852","https://openalex.org/W4367314375","https://openalex.org/W4368362655","https://openalex.org/W4380201446","https://openalex.org/W4386543333","https://openalex.org/W4387967169","https://openalex.org/W4390590365","https://openalex.org/W6638711679","https://openalex.org/W6730111246","https://openalex.org/W6759602846","https://openalex.org/W6860506001"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2299321182","https://openalex.org/W4226136204","https://openalex.org/W3215273203","https://openalex.org/W2299549548","https://openalex.org/W2305402217","https://openalex.org/W2555554314","https://openalex.org/W29529361","https://openalex.org/W1985045569","https://openalex.org/W2991211569","https://openalex.org/W4366608229"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Power":[0],"grid":[1,169],"infrastructures,":[2],"essential":[3],"to":[4,12,15,36,62,119],"modern":[5],"societies":[6],"for":[7,167],"electricity":[8],"distribution,":[9],"are":[10,95,116,183],"prone":[11],"vulnerabilities":[13],"due":[14],"their":[16],"numerous":[17],"sensitive":[18],"components,":[19],"necessitating":[20],"a":[21,43,48,162],"comprehensive":[22,163],"risk":[23,33,52,79,149,170,174],"assessment.":[24,150,171],"Uncertainty":[25],"in":[26,148,176],"historical":[27],"failure":[28,92],"data":[29,180],"often":[30],"compromises":[31],"accurate":[32,165],"quantification,":[34],"leading":[35],"the":[37,64,143,154],"integration":[38],"of":[39,132,145,156],"expert":[40,71,102,146,159],"elicitation":[41,147],"as":[42,63,127],"solution.":[44],"This":[45,151],"study":[46],"develops":[47],"Bayesian":[49,66],"network":[50,67],"(BN)":[51],"assessment":[53],"model":[54,74],"integrated":[55,179],"with":[56],"fuzzy":[57,65,98],"set":[58],"theory":[59],"(FST),":[60],"referred":[61],"(FBN).":[68],"By":[69],"incorporating":[70],"insights,":[72],"this":[73],"quantifies":[75],"internal":[76],"and":[77,113,164],"external":[78],"variables":[80],"more":[81],"comprehensively.":[82],"Crisp":[83],"probabilities":[84,99],"(CPr),":[85],"derived":[86],"from":[87,101],"regional":[88],"transmission":[89,111],"operator":[90],"(RTO)":[91],"incident":[93],"data,":[94],"complemented":[96],"by":[97],"(FPr)":[100],"elicitation.":[103],"The":[104],"findings":[105],"indicate":[106],"that":[107],"equipment":[108],"conditions,":[109],"specifically":[110],"lines":[112],"circuit":[114],"breakers,":[115],"critical":[117,177],"threats":[118],"power":[120,168],"grids.":[121],"Environmental":[122],"factors,":[123],"particularly":[124],"storms,":[125],"emerge":[126],"vulnerability":[128],"risks.":[129],"A":[130],"comparison":[131],"results":[133],"using":[134],"both":[135],"CPr":[136],"plus":[137],"FPr":[138,140],"versus":[139],"alone":[141],"underscores":[142],"utility":[144],"research":[152],"demonstrates":[153],"effectiveness":[155],"FBNs":[157],"through":[158],"elicitation,":[160],"providing":[161],"framework":[166],"To":[172],"improve":[173],"evaluation":[175],"infrastructure,":[178],"collection":[181],"techniques":[182],"recommended.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}