{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408275769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030156","title":"Quantum Computing and Machine Learning in Medical Decision-Making: A Comprehensive Review","display_name":"Quantum Computing and Machine Learning in Medical Decision-Making: A Comprehensive Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408275769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18030156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/156/pdf?version=1741510245","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/156/pdf?version=1741510245","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082345605","display_name":"James C. L. Chow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4202-4855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802654988","display_name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03zayce58","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2802654988"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James C. L. Chow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada","Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada","Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1X6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4202-4855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1X6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2802654988"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082345605"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I2802654988"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":88.9409,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99962093,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"156","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9379000067710876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9362000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.656762957572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5152618885040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-machine-learning","display_name":"Quantum machine learning","score":0.4713442027568817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4449276924133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3819538950920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.3806939721107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.35688453912734985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09971696138381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.07015645503997803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.656762957572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5152618885040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779094486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18811578","display_name":"Quantum machine learning","level":4,"score":0.4713442027568817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4449276924133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3819538950920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3806939721107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35688453912734985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09971696138381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.07015645503997803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18030156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/156/pdf?version=1741510245","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:30bc633f1e094a53b506b8e4eb3a1fc2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/30bc633f1e094a53b506b8e4eb3a1fc2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 3, p 156 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/143136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1807/143136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400261","display_name":"TSpace (University of Toronto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18030156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/156/pdf?version=1741510245","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408275769.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":111,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W328729564","https://openalex.org/W1541919753","https://openalex.org/W1635919617","https://openalex.org/W1968293918","https://openalex.org/W1976644408","https://openalex.org/W1979260239","https://openalex.org/W1981463101","https://openalex.org/W2012240761","https://openalex.org/W2015811642","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2086380529","https://openalex.org/W2111547563","https://openalex.org/W2470965540","https://openalex.org/W2614981836","https://openalex.org/W2617854032","https://openalex.org/W2782586458","https://openalex.org/W2794351024","https://openalex.org/W2807143699","https://openalex.org/W2888109941","https://openalex.org/W2893632734","https://openalex.org/W2898430977","https://openalex.org/W2934399013","https://openalex.org/W2963479748","https://openalex.org/W2978107850","https://openalex.org/W2997784647","https://openalex.org/W3012856134","https://openalex.org/W3021673644","https://openalex.org/W3022060579","https://openalex.org/W3037321588","https://openalex.org/W3037737784","https://openalex.org/W3038010021","https://openalex.org/W3040868855","https://openalex.org/W3046340167","https://openalex.org/W3095102699","https://openalex.org/W3106887093","https://openalex.org/W3118442766","https://openalex.org/W3126037100","https://openalex.org/W3131571875","https://openalex.org/W3132743969","https://openalex.org/W3156898029","https://openalex.org/W3157815101","https://openalex.org/W3173713405","https://openalex.org/W3185325938","https://openalex.org/W3194625966","https://openalex.org/W3194981340","https://openalex.org/W3196402214","https://openalex.org/W3196440773","https://openalex.org/W3199517312","https://openalex.org/W3200742808","https://openalex.org/W3211947833","https://openalex.org/W4200294085","https://openalex.org/W4205262701","https://openalex.org/W4206348828","https://openalex.org/W4206686560","https://openalex.org/W4220783230","https://openalex.org/W4225246070","https://openalex.org/W4236122619","https://openalex.org/W4281395694","https://openalex.org/W4283260735","https://openalex.org/W4285095492","https://openalex.org/W4285733928","https://openalex.org/W4288051764","https://openalex.org/W4288785604","https://openalex.org/W4294839477","https://openalex.org/W4296126438","https://openalex.org/W4306916468","https://openalex.org/W4309099316","https://openalex.org/W4315498974","https://openalex.org/W4321601882","https://openalex.org/W4322769897","https://openalex.org/W4360995315","https://openalex.org/W4361275400","https://openalex.org/W4361798816","https://openalex.org/W4362641141","https://openalex.org/W4367311080","https://openalex.org/W4375852118","https://openalex.org/W4380201339","https://openalex.org/W4385341337","https://openalex.org/W4386256552","https://openalex.org/W4388734399","https://openalex.org/W4389168347","https://openalex.org/W4389870166","https://openalex.org/W4390430048","https://openalex.org/W4390831829","https://openalex.org/W4391517359","https://openalex.org/W4392807024","https://openalex.org/W4392877631","https://openalex.org/W4395678022","https://openalex.org/W4399397304","https://openalex.org/W4400556081","https://openalex.org/W4400954729","https://openalex.org/W4401418222","https://openalex.org/W4401583942","https://openalex.org/W4402323482","https://openalex.org/W4402534207","https://openalex.org/W4402740303","https://openalex.org/W4402830391","https://openalex.org/W4402987501","https://openalex.org/W4404127725","https://openalex.org/W4404495576","https://openalex.org/W4404522302","https://openalex.org/W4404846769","https://openalex.org/W4406511894","https://openalex.org/W4406670380","https://openalex.org/W4407686803","https://openalex.org/W6633219372","https://openalex.org/W6747870088","https://openalex.org/W6755627768","https://openalex.org/W6794424991","https://openalex.org/W6800390666","https://openalex.org/W6808040427"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944417983","https://openalex.org/W4362682022","https://openalex.org/W4388703658","https://openalex.org/W3132418032","https://openalex.org/W4385662062","https://openalex.org/W4312852566","https://openalex.org/W4312109322","https://openalex.org/W4309465149","https://openalex.org/W3010468967","https://openalex.org/W4391403868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Medical":[0],"decision-making":[1],"is":[2],"increasingly":[3],"integrating":[4],"quantum":[5,70],"computing":[6,46],"(QC)":[7],"and":[8,18,32,63,84,96,111],"machine":[9,71],"learning":[10,72],"(ML)":[11],"to":[12,27,44],"analyze":[13],"complex":[14],"datasets,":[15],"improve":[16],"diagnostics,":[17],"enable":[19],"personalized":[20],"treatments.":[21],"While":[22],"QC":[23],"holds":[24],"the":[25,91],"potential":[26,105],"accelerate":[28],"optimization,":[29],"drug":[30],"discovery,":[31],"genomic":[33],"analysis":[34],"as":[35],"hardware":[36],"capabilities":[37],"advance,":[38],"current":[39],"implementations":[40],"remain":[41],"limited":[42],"compared":[43],"classical":[45],"in":[47,58,79,101,107,118],"many":[48],"practical":[49],"applications.":[50],"Meanwhile,":[51],"ML":[52,117],"has":[53],"already":[54],"demonstrated":[55],"significant":[56],"success":[57],"medical":[59,119],"imaging,":[60],"predictive":[61],"modeling,":[62],"decision":[64],"support.":[65],"Their":[66],"convergence,":[67],"particularly":[68],"through":[69],"(QML),":[73],"presents":[74],"opportunities":[75],"for":[76,115],"future":[77,113],"advancements":[78],"processing":[80],"high-dimensional":[81],"healthcare":[82],"data":[83],"improving":[85],"clinical":[86,109],"outcomes.":[87],"This":[88],"review":[89],"examines":[90],"foundational":[92],"concepts,":[93],"key":[94],"applications,":[95],"challenges":[97],"of":[98],"these":[99],"technologies":[100],"healthcare,":[102],"explores":[103],"their":[104],"synergy":[106],"solving":[108],"problems,":[110],"outlines":[112],"directions":[114],"quantum-enhanced":[116],"decision-making.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":42}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
