{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408220209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030145","title":"Prediction of Diabetes Using Statistical and Machine Learning Modelling Techniques","display_name":"Prediction of Diabetes Using Statistical and Machine Learning Modelling Techniques","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408220209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18030145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030145","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/145/pdf?version=1741171567","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/145/pdf?version=1741171567","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069528227","display_name":"Entissar Almutairi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Entissar Almutairi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898","https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091511508","display_name":"Maysam Abbod","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8515-7933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maysam Abbod","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8515-7933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898","https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039336712","display_name":"Ziad Hunaiti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7048-2469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ziad Hunaiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7048-2469","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898","https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039336712","https://openalex.org/A5069528227"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":23.726,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9921371,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"145","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.911300003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6784226894378662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.610802173614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5274529457092285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-learning","display_name":"Statistical learning","score":0.4959131181240082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.4171309769153595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.09684574604034424}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6784226894378662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.610802173614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5274529457092285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982736386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Statistical learning","level":2,"score":0.4959131181240082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.4171309769153595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09684574604034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18030145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030145","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/145/pdf?version=1741171567","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bura.brunel.ac.uk:2438/31126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8515-7933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f6ebe7217b884a78a57a91679e83fa09","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f6ebe7217b884a78a57a91679e83fa09","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 3, p 145 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18030145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030145","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/145/pdf?version=1741171567","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408220209.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987313755","https://openalex.org/W2020267609","https://openalex.org/W2031484324","https://openalex.org/W2033171150","https://openalex.org/W2033810644","https://openalex.org/W2075120671","https://openalex.org/W2078855524","https://openalex.org/W2101508556","https://openalex.org/W2123380119","https://openalex.org/W2149256502","https://openalex.org/W2150712216","https://openalex.org/W2502012342","https://openalex.org/W2612292012","https://openalex.org/W2636113298","https://openalex.org/W2805354095","https://openalex.org/W2900329012","https://openalex.org/W2915122375","https://openalex.org/W2954672461","https://openalex.org/W2972374494","https://openalex.org/W2981121978","https://openalex.org/W3024800754","https://openalex.org/W3118535904","https://openalex.org/W3128691395","https://openalex.org/W3186250168","https://openalex.org/W4205321574","https://openalex.org/W4213113494","https://openalex.org/W4236834521","https://openalex.org/W4237254037","https://openalex.org/W4245313553","https://openalex.org/W4292283308","https://openalex.org/W4321258634","https://openalex.org/W6751697832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Statistical":[0],"and":[1,14,48,72,90,110,128,156,187,225,233,237],"machine":[2,91],"learning":[3,92],"modelling":[4],"techniques":[5,39],"have":[6],"been":[7],"effectively":[8],"used":[9],"in":[10,60,101],"the":[11,15,43,64,95,99,118,164,194,201,212,218],"healthcare":[12],"domain":[13],"prediction":[16],"of":[17,35,45,50,82,97,104,117,163,189],"epidemiological":[18],"chronic":[19],"diseases":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22,27],"diabetes,":[23],"which":[24],"is":[25,85,167],"classified":[26],"an":[28],"epidemic":[29],"due":[30],"to":[31,111,121,123],"its":[32],"high":[33],"rates":[34,103],"global":[36],"prevalence.":[37],"These":[38],"are":[40],"useful":[41],"for":[42,75,94,114,131,204,229,241],"processes":[44],"description,":[46],"prediction,":[47],"evaluation":[49],"various":[51],"diseases,":[52],"including":[53],"diabetes.":[54,133],"This":[55],"paper":[56],"models":[57,93,135,166,207],"diabetes":[58,105],"disease":[59,119],"Saudi":[61],"Arabia":[62],"using":[63,169],"most":[65],"relevant":[66],"risk":[67],"factors,":[68],"namely":[69,138],"smoking,":[70],"obesity,":[71],"physical":[73],"inactivity":[74],"adults":[76],"aged":[77],"\u226525":[78],"years.":[79],"The":[80,161],"aim":[81],"this":[83],"study":[84],"based":[86],"on":[87,193],"developing":[88],"statistical":[89,171],"purpose":[96],"studying":[98],"trends":[100],"incidence":[102],"over":[106],"15":[107],"years":[108],"(1999\u20132013)":[109],"obtain":[112],"predictions":[113],"future":[115],"levels":[116],"up":[120],"2025,":[122],"support":[124],"health":[125],"policy":[126],"planning":[127],"resource":[129],"allocation":[130],"controlling":[132],"Different":[134],"were":[136,215],"developed,":[137],"Multiple":[139],"Linear":[140,148],"Regression":[141,145,149],"(MLR),":[142],"Support":[143],"Vector":[144],"(SVR),":[146],"Bayesian":[147],"(BLM),":[150],"Adaptive":[151],"Neuro-Fuzzy":[152],"Inference":[153],"model":[154,220],"(ANFIS),":[155],"Artificial":[157],"Neural":[158],"Network":[159],"(ANN).":[160],"performance":[162,203],"developed":[165],"evaluated":[168],"four":[170],"metrices:":[172],"Mean":[173,178,182],"Squared":[174,179],"Error":[175,180,185],"(MSE),":[176],"Root":[177],"(RMSE),":[181],"Absolute":[183],"Percentage":[184],"(MAPE),":[186],"coefficient":[188],"determination":[190],"R-squared.":[191],"Based":[192],"results,":[195],"it":[196],"can":[197],"be":[198],"observed":[199],"that":[200],"overall":[202],"all":[205],"proposed":[206],"was":[208],"reasonably":[209],"good;":[210],"however,":[211],"best":[213],"results":[214],"achieved":[216],"by":[217],"ANFIS":[219],"with":[221],"RMSE":[222,234],"=":[223,227,235,239],"0.04":[224],"R2":[226,238],"0.99":[228,240],"men\u2019s":[230],"training":[231,243],"data,":[232],"0.02":[236],"women\u2019s":[242],"data.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
