{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407840751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030124","title":"Transforming Medical Data Access: The Role and Challenges of Recent Language Models in SQL Query Automation","display_name":"Transforming Medical Data Access: The Role and Challenges of Recent Language Models in SQL Query Automation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407840751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030124"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18030124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030124","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/124/pdf?version=1740149265","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/124/pdf?version=1740149265","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065852136","display_name":"Nikola Tankovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3936-1244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25607154","display_name":"Juraj Dobrila University of Pula","ror":"https://ror.org/006ks2460","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25607154"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikola Tankovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3936-1244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25607154"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033174374","display_name":"Robert \u0160ajina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4287-5898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25607154","display_name":"Juraj Dobrila University of Pula","ror":"https://ror.org/006ks2460","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25607154"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert \u0160ajina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25607154"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078677385","display_name":"Ivan Lorencin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5964-245X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25607154","display_name":"Juraj Dobrila University of Pula","ror":"https://ror.org/006ks2460","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25607154"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Lorencin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25607154"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065852136","https://openalex.org/A5078677385"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25607154"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":8.6275,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96857671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"124","last_page":"124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9416999816894531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9416999816894531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7845609188079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sql","display_name":"SQL","score":0.7522615194320679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-language","display_name":"Query language","score":0.6090385317802429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sql/psm","display_name":"SQL/PSM","score":0.569778561592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5416467785835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-by-example","display_name":"Query by Example","score":0.5209758877754211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-optimization","display_name":"Query optimization","score":0.4938555359840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-definition-language","display_name":"Data definition language","score":0.47129499912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.44520634412765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rdf-query-language","display_name":"RDF query language","score":0.424422025680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.402357280254364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.31563010811805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-query","display_name":"Web search query","score":0.30327558517456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-query-classification","display_name":"Web query classification","score":0.14903661608695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.11426541209220886}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7845609188079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47607","display_name":"SQL","level":2,"score":0.7522615194320679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192028432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845739","display_name":"Query language","level":2,"score":0.6090385317802429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167544706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360842","display_name":"SQL/PSM","level":5,"score":0.569778561592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5416467785835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194222762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114486","display_name":"Query by Example","level":4,"score":0.5209758877754211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157692150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919848","display_name":"Query optimization","level":2,"score":0.4938555359840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55596503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1431648","display_name":"Data definition language","level":3,"score":0.47129499912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.44520634412765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96956885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6138701","display_name":"RDF query language","level":5,"score":0.424422025680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.402357280254364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.31563010811805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.30327558517456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118689300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978614","display_name":"Web query classification","level":4,"score":0.14903661608695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.11426541209220886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18030124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030124","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/124/pdf?version=1740149265","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:73ff8aba30d64d98907004d903d2ee73","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/73ff8aba30d64d98907004d903d2ee73","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 3, p 124 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18030124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030124","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/124/pdf?version=1740149265","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321697","display_name":"LOEWE Zentrum AdRIA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407840751.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407840751.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028993630","https://openalex.org/W2269738476","https://openalex.org/W2434099711","https://openalex.org/W2758544228","https://openalex.org/W2766920682","https://openalex.org/W2896122547","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2927351257","https://openalex.org/W2963716420","https://openalex.org/W2968192630","https://openalex.org/W2996219887","https://openalex.org/W3115880855","https://openalex.org/W3195573207","https://openalex.org/W4317716303","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4396736209","https://openalex.org/W4396886508","https://openalex.org/W4400056759","https://openalex.org/W4404723426","https://openalex.org/W4406813548","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548279772","https://openalex.org/W3081572596","https://openalex.org/W1489445454","https://openalex.org/W319014924","https://openalex.org/W2130043461","https://openalex.org/W2094438898","https://openalex.org/W2313789150","https://openalex.org/W2400419823","https://openalex.org/W2897196530","https://openalex.org/W4388525956"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generating":[0],"accurate":[1],"SQL":[2,51,143],"queries":[3,52],"from":[4],"natural":[5,68],"language":[6,32,69,177],"is":[7],"critical":[8],"for":[9,45,169,183],"enabling":[10],"non-experts":[11],"to":[12,77,141],"interact":[13],"with":[14,63],"complex":[15],"databases,":[16],"particularly":[17],"in":[18,134,146,191],"high-stakes":[19],"domains":[20],"like":[21],"healthcare.":[22],"This":[23,125],"paper":[24],"presents":[25],"an":[26,96],"extensive":[27],"evaluation":[28,167],"of":[29,89,103,131],"state-of-the-art":[30],"large":[31],"models":[33,133,178],"(LLM),":[34],"including":[35],"LLaMA":[36],"3.3,":[37],"Mixtral,":[38],"Gemini,":[39],"Claude":[40],"3.5,":[41],"GPT-4o,":[42],"and":[43,56,83,107,119,138,159,165,189],"Qwen":[44],"transforming":[46],"medical":[47,136,170,184],"questions":[48],"into":[49],"executable":[50],"using":[53],"the":[54,87,101,123,129,147],"MIMIC-3":[55],"TREQS":[57],"datasets.":[58],"Our":[59],"approach":[60],"employs":[61],"LLMs":[62],"various":[64],"prompts":[65],"across":[66],"1000":[67],"questions.":[70],"The":[71,111],"experiments":[72],"are":[73],"repeated":[74],"multiple":[75],"times":[76],"assess":[78],"performance":[79],"consistency,":[80,118],"token":[81],"efficiency,":[82],"cost-effectiveness.":[84],"We":[85],"explore":[86],"impact":[88],"prompt":[90],"design":[91],"on":[92,100,157],"model":[93],"accuracy":[94],"through":[95],"ablation":[97],"study,":[98],"focusing":[99],"role":[102],"table":[104],"data":[105],"samples":[106],"one-shot":[108],"learning":[109],"examples.":[110],"results":[112],"highlight":[113],"substantial":[114],"trade-offs":[115],"between":[116,122],"accuracy,":[117],"computational":[120],"cost":[121],"models.":[124],"study":[126],"also":[127],"underscores":[128],"limitations":[130],"current":[132],"handling":[135],"terminology":[137],"provides":[139],"insights":[140],"improve":[142],"query":[144,171],"generation":[145],"healthcare":[148],"domain.":[149],"Future":[150],"directions":[151],"include":[152],"implementing":[153],"RAG":[154],"pipelines":[155],"based":[156],"embeddings":[158],"reranking":[160],"models,":[161],"integrating":[162],"ICD":[163],"taxonomies,":[164],"refining":[166],"metrics":[168],"performance.":[172],"By":[173],"bridging":[174],"these":[175],"gaps,":[176],"can":[179],"become":[180],"reliable":[181],"tools":[182],"database":[185],"interaction,":[186],"enhancing":[187],"accessibility":[188],"decision-making":[190],"clinical":[192],"settings.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}