{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407143535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18020082","title":"Pneumonia Disease Detection Using Chest X-Rays and Machine Learning","display_name":"Pneumonia Disease Detection Using Chest X-Rays and Machine Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407143535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18020082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18020082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18020082","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/2/82/pdf?version=1738577378","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/2/82/pdf?version=1738577378","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116150139","display_name":"Cathryn Usman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191240316","display_name":"University of Hull","ror":"https://ror.org/04nkhwh30","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cathryn Usman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109952533","display_name":"Saeed Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4566-7144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191240316","display_name":"University of Hull","ror":"https://ror.org/04nkhwh30","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089484025","display_name":"Anwar Ali Yahya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5211-1878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anwar Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070522496","display_name":"Adil Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2220-8518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191240316","display_name":"University of Hull","ror":"https://ror.org/04nkhwh30","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adil Mehmood Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104028720","display_name":"Baseer Ahmad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191240316","display_name":"University of Hull","ror":"https://ror.org/04nkhwh30","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baseer Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089484025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":18.5969,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99471845,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"82","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pneumonia","display_name":"Pneumonia","score":0.8304250836372375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6270479559898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6189994812011719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.602730393409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48999467492103577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.4562372863292694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.36297979950904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-medicine","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","score":0.34577396512031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.2333347499370575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.13309204578399658}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777914695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192","display_name":"Pneumonia","level":2,"score":0.8304250836372375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6270479559898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6189994812011719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.602730393409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48999467492103577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.4562372863292694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36297979950904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.34577396512031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.2333347499370575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.13309204578399658}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18020082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18020082","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/2/82/pdf?version=1738577378","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hull-repository.worktribe.com:5466083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/5466083","pdf_url":"https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/file/5466083/1/Published%20Article","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400827","display_name":"Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I191240316","host_organization_name":"University of Hull","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:807a6a1358ee450d8c90f8a68a9678c1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/807a6a1358ee450d8c90f8a68a9678c1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 2, p 82 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/18/2/82/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a18020082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Pages: 82","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18020082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18020082","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/2/82/pdf?version=1738577378","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407143535.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407143535.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2097623701","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2789876780","https://openalex.org/W2891756914","https://openalex.org/W2924911266","https://openalex.org/W2998957378","https://openalex.org/W3005580744","https://openalex.org/W3015658722","https://openalex.org/W3016191673","https://openalex.org/W3017309755","https://openalex.org/W3026045867","https://openalex.org/W3038440927","https://openalex.org/W3038837241","https://openalex.org/W3042255588","https://openalex.org/W3090831210","https://openalex.org/W3101156210","https://openalex.org/W3105809585","https://openalex.org/W3169918418","https://openalex.org/W3174143649","https://openalex.org/W3182128446","https://openalex.org/W3187702056","https://openalex.org/W3198276338","https://openalex.org/W4206484519","https://openalex.org/W4225369977","https://openalex.org/W4281562199","https://openalex.org/W4283460380","https://openalex.org/W4285191586","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6776091287"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249377076","https://openalex.org/W4210389441","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2395241803","https://openalex.org/W2003211637","https://openalex.org/W2021488205","https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W30958985","https://openalex.org/W2093022913","https://openalex.org/W2339489468"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pneumonia":[0],"is":[1,24,59],"a":[2,25,80,116,124,153,266,270],"deadly":[3],"disease":[4],"affecting":[5],"millions":[6],"worldwide,":[7],"caused":[8],"by":[9],"microorganisms":[10],"and":[11,23,32,51,65,99,111,123,171,182,199,205,229,234,274],"environmental":[12],"factors.":[13],"It":[14],"leads":[15],"to":[16,48,151,192,290],"lung":[17],"fluid":[18],"build-up,":[19],"making":[20],"breathing":[21],"difficult,":[22],"leading":[26],"cause":[27],"of":[28,89,161,168,187,196,209,232,241,253,264,268,272,278],"death.":[29],"Early":[30],"detection":[31,88,134,160],"treatment":[33],"are":[34,42,63,165],"crucial":[35],"for":[36,45,85,157,178],"preventing":[37],"severe":[38],"outcomes.":[39],"Chest":[40],"X-rays":[41,58],"commonly":[43],"used":[44,191],"diagnoses":[46],"due":[47],"their":[49],"accessibility":[50],"low":[52],"costs;":[53],"however,":[54],"detecting":[55,222],"pneumonia":[56,90,106,133,169,223],"through":[57],"challenging.":[60],"Automated":[61],"methods":[62],"needed,":[64],"machine":[66,82,154],"learning":[67,83,101,155],"can":[68],"solve":[69],"complex":[70],"computer":[71],"vision":[72],"problems":[73],"in":[74,221],"medical":[75],"imaging.":[76],"This":[77,128],"research":[78,114],"develops":[79,115],"robust":[81],"model":[84,118,127,156,180,256],"the":[86,120,131,158,179,188,194,207,218,230,235,239,242,254,281],"early":[87,159],"using":[91],"chest":[92,140],"X-rays,":[93],"leveraging":[94],"advanced":[95],"image":[96],"processing":[97],"techniques":[98],"deep":[100],"algorithms":[102],"that":[103,252],"accurately":[104],"identify":[105],"patterns,":[107],"enabling":[108],"prompt":[109],"diagnosis":[110],"treatment.":[112],"The":[113,163,211,246],"CNN":[117,255],"from":[119,144,257],"ground":[121],"up":[122,167],"ResNet-50":[125],"pretrained":[126,282],"study":[129],"uses":[130],"RSNA":[132],"challenge":[135],"original":[136],"dataset":[137,189,236],"comprising":[138],"26,684":[139],"array":[141],"images":[142],"collected":[143],"unique":[145],"patients":[146],"(56%":[147],"male,":[148],"44%":[149],"females)":[150],"build":[152],"pneumonia.":[162],"data":[164,197],"made":[166],"(31.6%)":[170],"non-pneumonia":[172],"(68.8%),":[173],"providing":[174],"an":[175,262,275],"effective":[176],"foundation":[177],"training":[181],"evaluation.":[183],"A":[184],"reduced":[185],"size":[186,198,237],"was":[190,224,244,251,288],"examine":[193],"impact":[195,231],"both":[200],"versions":[201],"were":[202,213],"tested":[203],"with":[204,215,226,259,284],"without":[206],"use":[208],"augmentation.":[210],"models":[212,243],"compared":[214,225],"existing":[216],"works,":[217],"model\u2019s":[219],"effectiveness":[220],"one":[227],"another,":[228],"augmentation":[233],"on":[238],"performance":[240],"examined.":[245],"overall":[247,286],"best":[248],"accuracy":[249,263],"achieved":[250],"scratch,":[258],"no":[260],"augmentation,":[261],"0.79,":[265],"precision":[267],"0.76,":[269],"recall":[271],"0.73,":[273],"F1":[276],"score":[277],"0.74.":[279],"However,":[280],"model,":[283],"lower":[285],"accuracy,":[287],"found":[289],"be":[291],"more":[292],"generalizable.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}