{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403398464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17100455","title":"Fault Detection in Industrial Equipment through Analysis of Time Series Stationarity","display_name":"Fault Detection in Industrial Equipment through Analysis of Time Series Stationarity","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403398464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17100455"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17100455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17100455","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/10/455/pdf?version=1728732534","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/10/455/pdf?version=1728732534","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114265589","display_name":"Dinis Falc\u00e3o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5380-7587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I293362453","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/01n8x4993","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I293362453"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dinis Falc\u00e3o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes-Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5380-7587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes-Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I293362453"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108268693","display_name":"Francisco Reis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I293362453","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/01n8x4993","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I293362453"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Reis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes-Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9431-0570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes-Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I293362453"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033782460","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Torres Farinha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9694-8079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I293362453","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/01n8x4993","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I293362453"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125590","display_name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers","ror":"https://ror.org/033wn8m60","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259463","display_name":"Institut des Sciences et technologies pour une Economie Circulaire des \u00e9nergies bas carbone","ror":"https://ror.org/0298wh711","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738703131","https://openalex.org/I4405259463"]}],"countries":["FR","PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Farinha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes-Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","RCM<sup>2+</sup> Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, ISEC/IPC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","RCM2+ Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, ISEC/IPC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9694-8079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes-Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I293362453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RCM<sup>2+</sup> Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, ISEC/IPC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259463","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RCM2+ Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, ISEC/IPC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4405259463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034480382","display_name":"Nuno Lavado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8237-3086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I293362453","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/01n8x4993","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I293362453"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125590","display_name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers","ror":"https://ror.org/033wn8m60","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259463","display_name":"Institut des Sciences et technologies pour une Economie Circulaire des \u00e9nergies bas carbone","ror":"https://ror.org/0298wh711","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738703131","https://openalex.org/I4405259463"]}],"countries":["FR","PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuno Lavado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes-Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","RCM<sup>2+</sup> Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, ISEC/IPC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","RCM2+ Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, ISEC/IPC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8237-3086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes-Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I293362453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RCM<sup>2+</sup> Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, ISEC/IPC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259463","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RCM2+ Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, ISEC/IPC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4405259463"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026269967","display_name":"Mateus Mendes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4313-7966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I293362453","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/01n8x4993","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I293362453"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125590","display_name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers","ror":"https://ror.org/033wn8m60","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259463","display_name":"Institut des Sciences et technologies pour une Economie Circulaire des \u00e9nergies bas carbone","ror":"https://ror.org/0298wh711","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738703131","https://openalex.org/I4405259463"]}],"countries":["FR","PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mateus Mendes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes-Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","RCM<sup>2+</sup> Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, ISEC/IPC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","RCM2+ Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, ISEC/IPC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4313-7966","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes-Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I293362453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RCM<sup>2+</sup> Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, ISEC/IPC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259463","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RCM2+ Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, ISEC/IPC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4405259463"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026269967","https://openalex.org/A5114265589"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I293362453","https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4405259463"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.5002,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82976,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"10","first_page":"455","last_page":"455"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9269000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9269000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.6966649293899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.6933532953262329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.612721860408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6028192043304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.46421030163764954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.45337244868278503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.4319227635860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40245795249938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.36454999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25995132327079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.21916624903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18892475962638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13513004779815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.0853983461856842}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.6966649293899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.6933532953262329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.612721860408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6028192043304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.46421030163764954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.45337244868278503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4319227635860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40245795249938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.36454999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25995132327079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.21916624903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18892475962638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13513004779815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0853983461856842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17100455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17100455","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/10/455/pdf?version=1728732534","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:200ac754259642dab0133b5d3a300361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/200ac754259642dab0133b5d3a300361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 17, Iss 10, p 455 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17100455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17100455","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/10/455/pdf?version=1728732534","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403398464.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403398464.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2132006552","https://openalex.org/W2152097420","https://openalex.org/W2166054746","https://openalex.org/W2597151656","https://openalex.org/W2703411559","https://openalex.org/W2773049109","https://openalex.org/W2793062606","https://openalex.org/W2949449669","https://openalex.org/W2971724044","https://openalex.org/W3005448318","https://openalex.org/W3045935064","https://openalex.org/W3098015864","https://openalex.org/W3112294195","https://openalex.org/W3157175643","https://openalex.org/W3191230657","https://openalex.org/W3211281790","https://openalex.org/W3213383067","https://openalex.org/W4206321412","https://openalex.org/W4206917632","https://openalex.org/W4312100192","https://openalex.org/W4317940693","https://openalex.org/W4320521710","https://openalex.org/W4323664850","https://openalex.org/W4324092345","https://openalex.org/W4366279828","https://openalex.org/W4401009106","https://openalex.org/W6679288961","https://openalex.org/W6847513988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1919101720","https://openalex.org/W4390822878","https://openalex.org/W96888382","https://openalex.org/W4386126592","https://openalex.org/W2041308758","https://openalex.org/W4392529072","https://openalex.org/W2119012848","https://openalex.org/W2622688551","https://openalex.org/W1550175370","https://openalex.org/W1990205660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Predictive":[0],"maintenance":[1,86],"has":[2],"gained":[3],"importance":[4],"due":[5],"to":[6,67,81],"industrialization.":[7,54],"Harnessing":[8],"advanced":[9],"technologies":[10],"like":[11],"sensors":[12],"and":[13,24,41,64,70,114],"data":[14],"analytics":[15],"enables":[16],"proactive":[17],"interventions,":[18],"preventing":[19],"unplanned":[20],"downtime,":[21],"reducing":[22],"costs,":[23],"enhancing":[25],"workplace":[26],"safety.":[27],"They":[28],"play":[29],"a":[30,62,104,120],"crucial":[31],"role":[32],"in":[33,50,77,87,110,124],"optimizing":[34],"industrial":[35,88],"operations,":[36],"ensuring":[37],"the":[38,51,82,94,97,125],"efficiency,":[39],"reliability,":[40],"longevity":[42],"of":[43,53,57,84,96,119],"equipment,":[44,78],"which":[45],"have":[46],"become":[47],"increasingly":[48],"vital":[49],"context":[52],"The":[55,90],"analysis":[56],"time":[58,112],"series\u2019":[59],"stationarity":[60],"is":[61],"powerful":[63],"agnostic":[65],"approach":[66],"studying":[68],"variations":[69],"trends":[71,109],"that":[72],"may":[73],"indicate":[74],"imminent":[75],"failures":[76,118],"thus":[79,115],"contributing":[80],"effectiveness":[83],"predictive":[85],"environments.":[89],"present":[91],"paper":[92,126],"explores":[93],"use":[95],"Augmented":[98],"Dickey\u2013Fuller":[99],"p-value":[100],"temporal":[101],"variation":[102],"as":[103],"possible":[105,117],"method":[106],"for":[107],"determining":[108],"sensor":[111],"series":[113],"anticipating":[116],"wood":[121],"chip":[122],"pump":[123],"industry.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}