{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401764086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17080372","title":"Correlation Analysis of Railway Track Alignment and Ballast Stiffness: Comparing Frequency-Based and Machine Learning Algorithms","display_name":"Correlation Analysis of Railway Track Alignment and Ballast Stiffness: Comparing Frequency-Based and Machine Learning Algorithms","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401764086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17080372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17080372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17080372","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/8/372/pdf?version=1724319267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/8/372/pdf?version=1724319267","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041509539","display_name":"Saeed Mohammadzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6535-9351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Mohammadzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083727141","display_name":"Hamidreza Heydari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3768-2415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamidreza Heydari","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038251512","display_name":"Mahdi Karimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0639-9433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Karimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029039142","display_name":"Araliya Mosleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6751-0388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Araliya Mosleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6751-0388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029039142"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.3483,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77970742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"8","first_page":"372","last_page":"372"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14446","display_name":"Civil and Geotechnical Engineering Research","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2200","display_name":"General Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ballast","display_name":"Ballast","score":0.7527206540107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.7363095283508301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stiffness","display_name":"Stiffness","score":0.6195449829101562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5908204317092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5840404033660889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"Correlation","score":0.5493346452713013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4096969962120056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3221612274646759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.25333189964294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22519755363464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17221176624298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13288742303848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.10648265480995178}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125907379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4851537","display_name":"Ballast","level":2,"score":0.7527206540107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.7363095283508301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.6195449829101562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5908204317092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5840404033660889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.5493346452713013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4096969962120056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3221612274646759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.25333189964294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22519755363464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17221176624298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13288742303848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.10648265480995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17080372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17080372","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/8/372/pdf?version=1724319267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7c9d56eeae84442b5ef95ea35df21e4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7c9d56eeae84442b5ef95ea35df21e4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 17, Iss 8, p 372 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/17/8/372/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a17080372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17080372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17080372","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/8/372/pdf?version=1724319267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2601586303","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"04708/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2863644876","display_name":"Institute of R","funder_award_id":"UIDP/04708/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3825525298","display_name":"Institute of R","funder_award_id":"UIDB/04708/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5027692329","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDP/04708/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323642","funder_display_name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6714743403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/04708/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323642","funder_display_name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323642","display_name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/045b9pr88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401764086.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122095487","https://openalex.org/W1851989303","https://openalex.org/W1969733464","https://openalex.org/W1987486728","https://openalex.org/W1991583005","https://openalex.org/W1998083428","https://openalex.org/W2010760701","https://openalex.org/W2019047266","https://openalex.org/W2022974352","https://openalex.org/W2031867975","https://openalex.org/W2038417480","https://openalex.org/W2058460507","https://openalex.org/W2063446185","https://openalex.org/W2109383878","https://openalex.org/W2169483762","https://openalex.org/W2171365462","https://openalex.org/W2418135171","https://openalex.org/W2619043047","https://openalex.org/W2733768473","https://openalex.org/W2783548009","https://openalex.org/W2791853619","https://openalex.org/W2798278949","https://openalex.org/W2804152475","https://openalex.org/W2809325012","https://openalex.org/W2891221748","https://openalex.org/W2908009528","https://openalex.org/W2931363803","https://openalex.org/W2940643346","https://openalex.org/W2945471411","https://openalex.org/W2969522732","https://openalex.org/W2981927360","https://openalex.org/W2983285351","https://openalex.org/W3033035199","https://openalex.org/W3036018707","https://openalex.org/W3046974653","https://openalex.org/W3093662276","https://openalex.org/W3119273351","https://openalex.org/W3159514420","https://openalex.org/W4213113494","https://openalex.org/W4232533539","https://openalex.org/W4285730516","https://openalex.org/W4313294707","https://openalex.org/W4319942579","https://openalex.org/W4321506267","https://openalex.org/W4327730125","https://openalex.org/W4361026993","https://openalex.org/W4377983324","https://openalex.org/W4381988252","https://openalex.org/W4385609251","https://openalex.org/W4386855808","https://openalex.org/W4387030157","https://openalex.org/W4387880262","https://openalex.org/W4395061051","https://openalex.org/W4396608282","https://openalex.org/W4399447510","https://openalex.org/W6604928270","https://openalex.org/W6647472228","https://openalex.org/W6653393515","https://openalex.org/W6778823707"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W580766000","https://openalex.org/W2152454325","https://openalex.org/W647532056","https://openalex.org/W287043150","https://openalex.org/W2527199157","https://openalex.org/W4480445","https://openalex.org/W2364548847","https://openalex.org/W4206567838","https://openalex.org/W2339143372","https://openalex.org/W628066528"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,17,25,69,157,188,216],"the":[2,6,44,51,56,79,93,96,150,161,170,177,186,189,202,213],"primary":[3],"challenges":[4],"in":[5,32],"railway":[7,26,81,158],"industry":[8],"revolves":[9],"around":[10],"achieving":[11],"a":[12,29,67,74,120,143,165],"comprehensive":[13],"and":[14,23,50,59,89,100,109,133,145,154,199,207],"insightful":[15],"understanding":[16],"track":[18,52,60,77,88,97],"conditions.":[19],"The":[20,114,140],"geometric":[21,87],"parameters":[22],"stiffness":[24,49,58,90,102,153],"tracks":[27],"play":[28],"crucial":[30],"role":[31],"condition":[33],"monitoring":[34],"as":[35,37,119],"well":[36],"maintenance":[38],"work.":[39],"Hence,":[40],"this":[41],"study":[42],"investigated":[43],"relationship":[45,148],"between":[46,95,149],"vertical":[47,151],"ballast":[48,57,101,152],"longitudinal":[53,61,98,155],"level.":[54],"Initially,":[55],"level":[62,99],"data":[63,163,178],"were":[64,195],"acquired":[65],"through":[66],"series":[68],"experimental":[70],"measurements":[71],"conducted":[72,180],"on":[73],"reference":[75],"test":[76],"along":[78],"Tehran\u2013Mashhad":[80],"line,":[82],"utilizing":[83],"recording":[84],"cars":[85],"for":[86,136,201],"recordings.":[91],"Subsequently,":[92],"correlation":[94,137],"was":[103,123],"surveyed":[104],"using":[105,181],"both":[106],"frequency-based":[107,121],"techniques":[108],"machine":[110],"learning":[111],"(ML)":[112],"algorithms.":[113],"power":[115],"spectrum":[116],"density":[117],"(PSD)":[118],"technique":[122],"employed,":[124],"alongside":[125],"ML":[126,182],"algorithms,":[127,210],"including":[128],"linear":[129,203],"regression,":[130,204],"decision":[131,205],"trees,":[132],"random":[134,208],"forests,":[135],"mining":[138],"analyses.":[139],"results":[141],"showed":[142],"robust":[144],"statistically":[146],"significant":[147],"levels":[156],"tracks.":[159],"Specifically,":[160],"PSD":[162],"exhibited":[164],"considerable":[166],"correlation,":[167],"especially":[168],"within":[169],"1\u20134":[171],"rad/m":[172],"wave":[173],"number":[174],"range.":[175],"Furthermore,":[176],"analyses":[179],"methods":[183],"indicated":[184],"that":[185],"values":[187],"root":[190],"mean":[191],"square":[192],"error":[193],"(RMSE)":[194],"about":[196],"0.05,":[197],"0.07,":[198],"0.06":[200],"tree,":[206],"forest":[209],"respectively,":[211],"demonstrating":[212],"adequate":[214],"accuracy":[215],"ML-based":[217],"approaches.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}