{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398783635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17060229","title":"Employing a Convolutional Neural Network to Classify Sleep Stages from EEG Signals Using Feature Reduction Techniques","display_name":"Employing a Convolutional Neural Network to Classify Sleep Stages from EEG Signals Using Feature Reduction Techniques","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398783635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17060229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17060229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17060229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/6/229/pdf?version=1716553351","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/6/229/pdf?version=1716553351","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111211571","display_name":"Maadh Rajaa Mohammed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27768575","display_name":"University of Anbar","ror":"https://ror.org/055a6gk50","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maadh Rajaa Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Anbar University, Ramadi 31001, Iraq","Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Anbar University, Anbar, Ramadi 31001, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Anbar University, Ramadi 31001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Anbar University, Anbar, Ramadi 31001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036106971","display_name":"Ali Makki Sagheer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2589-5317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27768575","display_name":"University of Anbar","ror":"https://ror.org/055a6gk50","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Makki Sagheer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Anbar University, Ramadi 31001, Iraq","Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Anbar University, Anbar, Ramadi 31001, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Anbar University, Ramadi 31001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Anbar University, Anbar, Ramadi 31001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111211571"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.1738,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86986075,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"6","first_page":"229","last_page":"229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9674000144004822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9674000144004822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8112978935241699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.781974196434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6767956018447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6627069711685181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6201099753379822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6199097633361816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5883593559265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.5460940599441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-stages","display_name":"Sleep Stages","score":0.46514689922332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.39224523305892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysomnography","display_name":"Polysomnography","score":0.22511601448059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.174125075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.16606882214546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15503209829330444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8112978935241699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.781974196434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6767956018447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6627069711685181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6201099753379822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6199097633361816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5883593559265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.5460940599441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910364982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831","display_name":"Sleep Stages","level":4,"score":0.46514689922332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.39224523305892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.22511601448059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.174125075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.16606882214546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15503209829330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17060229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17060229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/6/229/pdf?version=1716553351","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a315747c34eb449d8a5e697818a0ac73","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a315747c34eb449d8a5e697818a0ac73","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 17, Iss 6, p 229 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17060229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17060229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/6/229/pdf?version=1716553351","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4398783635.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770886369","https://openalex.org/W2804351268","https://openalex.org/W2805033630","https://openalex.org/W2889405907","https://openalex.org/W2898047920","https://openalex.org/W2908055926","https://openalex.org/W2913237197","https://openalex.org/W2943501917","https://openalex.org/W2949809416","https://openalex.org/W2982281252","https://openalex.org/W2999472463","https://openalex.org/W3017346274","https://openalex.org/W3033146745","https://openalex.org/W3034390803","https://openalex.org/W3047178149","https://openalex.org/W3092248103","https://openalex.org/W3120874830","https://openalex.org/W3128290931","https://openalex.org/W3135028703","https://openalex.org/W3144491363","https://openalex.org/W3153990350","https://openalex.org/W3155739706","https://openalex.org/W3165396901","https://openalex.org/W3168536162","https://openalex.org/W3173656828","https://openalex.org/W3200300741","https://openalex.org/W4200409924","https://openalex.org/W4205767260","https://openalex.org/W4205814812","https://openalex.org/W4225983369","https://openalex.org/W4281571756","https://openalex.org/W4288045875","https://openalex.org/W4296420817","https://openalex.org/W4296551123","https://openalex.org/W4297877973","https://openalex.org/W4311543603","https://openalex.org/W4318570644","https://openalex.org/W4384572726","https://openalex.org/W4386225004","https://openalex.org/W4387403579","https://openalex.org/W4389236267","https://openalex.org/W4391250933","https://openalex.org/W6806509267"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121188996","https://openalex.org/W4308561096","https://openalex.org/W3200508116","https://openalex.org/W2136162213","https://openalex.org/W2376497661","https://openalex.org/W3011076523","https://openalex.org/W2332107599","https://openalex.org/W2319810220","https://openalex.org/W2424678138","https://openalex.org/W2324099496"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0,11],"of":[1,6,12,32,48,86,116,125,160,168,195,207,228],"the":[2,13,28,83,114,130,145,161,193,203,226],"most":[3],"essential":[4],"components":[5],"human":[7],"life":[8],"is":[9,22],"sleep.":[10],"first":[14],"steps":[15],"in":[16,59,201],"spotting":[17],"abnormalities":[18],"connected":[19],"to":[20,81,100,109,155,187,224],"sleep":[21,24,39,49,60,87,170,208,229],"classifying":[23],"stages.":[25,171],"Based":[26],"on":[27,177],"kind":[29],"and":[30,63,112,123,138,205,240],"frequency":[31],"signals":[33,54],"obtained":[34],"during":[35],"a":[36,56,68,93,150,178],"polysomnography":[37],"test,":[38],"phases":[40],"can":[41],"be":[42],"separated":[43],"into":[44,132],"groups.":[45],"Accurate":[46],"classification":[47,84,118,210],"stages":[50,88],"from":[51,104,211],"electroencephalogram":[52],"(EEG)":[53],"plays":[55],"crucial":[57],"role":[58],"disorder":[61,230],"diagnosis":[62],"treatment.":[64],"This":[65,219],"study":[66],"proposes":[67],"novel":[69],"approach":[70,220],"that":[71],"combines":[72],"feature":[73,95,197],"selection":[74,96,198],"techniques":[75],"with":[76,199,217],"convolutional":[77],"neural":[78],"networks":[79],"(CNNs)":[80],"enhance":[82,113],"performance":[85,185],"using":[89,119,144],"EEG":[90,106,212],"signals.":[91],"Firstly,":[92],"comprehensive":[94],"process":[97],"was":[98,153,175],"employed":[99],"extract":[101],"discriminative":[102],"features":[103],"raw":[105],"data,":[107],"aiming":[108],"reduce":[110],"dimensionality":[111],"efficiency":[115],"subsequent":[117],"mutual":[120],"information":[121],"(MI)":[122],"analysis":[124],"variance":[126],"(ANOVA)":[127],"after":[128],"splitting":[129],"dataset":[131],"two":[133],"sets\u2014the":[134],"training":[135],"set":[136,140],"(70%)":[137],"testing":[139],"(30%)\u2014then":[141],"processing":[142],"it":[143],"standard":[146],"scalar":[147],"method.":[148],"Subsequently,":[149],"1D-CNN":[151],"architecture":[152],"designed":[154],"automatically":[156],"learn":[157],"hierarchical":[158],"representations":[159],"selected":[162],"features,":[163],"capturing":[164],"complex":[165],"patterns":[166],"indicative":[167],"different":[169],"The":[172,190],"proposed":[173],"method":[174],"evaluated":[176],"publicly":[179],"available":[180],"EDF-Sleep":[181],"dataset,":[182],"demonstrating":[183],"superior":[184],"compared":[186],"traditional":[188],"approaches.":[189],"results":[191],"highlight":[192],"effectiveness":[194],"integrating":[196],"CNNs":[200],"improving":[202],"accuracy":[204],"reliability":[206],"stage":[209],"signals,":[213],"which":[214],"reached":[215],"99.84%":[216],"MI-50.":[218],"not":[221],"only":[222],"contributes":[223],"advancing":[225],"field":[227],"diagnosis,":[231],"but":[232],"also":[233],"holds":[234],"promise":[235],"for":[236],"developing":[237],"more":[238],"efficient":[239],"robust":[241],"clinical":[242],"decision":[243],"support":[244],"systems.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
