{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396855746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17050210","title":"Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Model Abstraction and Explanation Generation for a Recurrent Neural Network","display_name":"Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Model Abstraction and Explanation Generation for a Recurrent Neural Network","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396855746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17050210"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17050210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17050210","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/5/210/pdf?version=1715606530","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/5/210/pdf?version=1715606530","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355692","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200120, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200120, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021848378","display_name":"Huadong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6452-1547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huadong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200120, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200120, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054182752","display_name":"Yan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9492-3492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137056471","display_name":"Nanjing University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/031y8am81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137056471"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Accounting, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Accounting, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137056471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054182752","https://openalex.org/A5100355692"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137056471","https://openalex.org/I96733725"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.3637,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62922864,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"5","first_page":"210","last_page":"210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.7995134592056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.7584412693977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6736509799957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6519538760185242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Multi-swarm optimization","score":0.48355576395988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4257500171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","score":0.4131397604942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.34204423427581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.29858484864234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19023770093917847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.7995134592056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.7584412693977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6736509799957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6519538760185242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122357587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934508","display_name":"Multi-swarm optimization","level":3,"score":0.48355576395988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4257500171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4131397604942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.34204423427581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29858484864234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19023770093917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17050210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17050210","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/5/210/pdf?version=1715606530","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c807ec0b9bda45a481e73e6ac4e0e1f0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c807ec0b9bda45a481e73e6ac4e0e1f0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 17, Iss 5, p 210 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17050210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17050210","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/5/210/pdf?version=1715606530","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396855746.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1862398452","https://openalex.org/W1989445634","https://openalex.org/W2114404258","https://openalex.org/W2168287017","https://openalex.org/W2583228413","https://openalex.org/W2771330107","https://openalex.org/W2801898543","https://openalex.org/W2905526464","https://openalex.org/W2914018283","https://openalex.org/W2934843808","https://openalex.org/W2963859254","https://openalex.org/W2968940383","https://openalex.org/W2970738355","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W3005600385","https://openalex.org/W3092571060","https://openalex.org/W3113663807","https://openalex.org/W3124518196","https://openalex.org/W3135979110","https://openalex.org/W3158487140","https://openalex.org/W3170962599","https://openalex.org/W3184332201","https://openalex.org/W3184887362","https://openalex.org/W3190075653","https://openalex.org/W3215640983","https://openalex.org/W4220970489","https://openalex.org/W4283361663","https://openalex.org/W4291124252","https://openalex.org/W4301181330","https://openalex.org/W4308551793","https://openalex.org/W4310458839","https://openalex.org/W4311145812","https://openalex.org/W4311776365","https://openalex.org/W4318960928","https://openalex.org/W4386493292","https://openalex.org/W4388747330","https://openalex.org/W4392694057","https://openalex.org/W6772824211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006324351","https://openalex.org/W2965421953","https://openalex.org/W2349895019","https://openalex.org/W2116074880","https://openalex.org/W2950423922","https://openalex.org/W2121780490","https://openalex.org/W2137136732","https://openalex.org/W2132113279","https://openalex.org/W2368795850","https://openalex.org/W2113224065"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"text":[1],"classifier":[2],"models,":[3],"the":[4,16,26,37,47,58,88,96,110,124,140,145,154,170,176,181],"complexity":[5],"of":[6,15,22,126,180],"recurrent":[7],"neural":[8],"networks":[9],"(RNNs)":[10],"is":[11,32,44,91,106,116,136],"very":[12],"high":[13],"because":[14],"vast":[17,127],"state":[18,120,128],"space":[19],"and":[20,61,81,112,178],"uncertainty":[21],"transitions,":[23],"which":[24,165],"makes":[25],"RNN":[27,39,97,141,147],"classifier\u2019s":[28],"explainability":[29],"insufficient.":[30],"It":[31],"almost":[33],"impossible":[34],"to":[35,45,93,118,122,138],"explain":[36,139],"large-scale":[38],"directly.":[40],"A":[41],"feasible":[42],"method":[43,84,183],"generalize":[46],"rules":[48],"undermining":[49],"it,":[50],"that":[51],"is,":[52],"model":[53,67,79,172],"abstraction.":[54],"To":[55],"deal":[56],"with":[57,143,169],"low":[59],"efficiency":[60],"excessive":[62],"information":[63,148],"loss":[64],"in":[65,184],"existing":[66],"abstraction":[68,80],"for":[69,85,162],"RNNs,":[70],"this":[71],"work":[72],"proposes":[73],"a":[74,102,113,131],"PSO":[75,114],"(Particle":[76],"Swarm":[77],"Optimization)-based":[78],"explanation":[82,161],"generation":[83],"RNNs.":[86],"Firstly,":[87],"k-means":[89],"clustering":[90],"applied":[92],"preliminarily":[94],"partition":[95],"decision":[98],"process":[99],"state.":[100],"Secondly,":[101],"frequency":[103],"prefix":[104],"tree":[105],"constructed":[107,137],"based":[108],"on":[109],"traces,":[111],"algorithm":[115],"designed":[117],"implement":[119],"merging":[121],"address":[123],"problem":[125],"space.":[129],"Then,":[130],"PFA":[132],"(probabilistic":[133],"finite":[134],"automata)":[135],"structure":[142],"preserving":[144],"origin":[146],"as":[149,151,159],"much":[150],"possible.":[152],"Finally,":[153],"quantitative":[155],"keywords":[156],"are":[157,166],"labeled":[158],"an":[160],"classification":[163],"results,":[164],"automatically":[167],"generated":[168],"abstract":[171],"PFA.":[173],"We":[174],"demonstrate":[175],"feasibility":[177],"effectiveness":[179],"proposed":[182],"some":[185],"cases.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}