{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389347312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120556","title":"A Novel Deep Learning Segmentation and Classification Framework for Leukemia Diagnosis","display_name":"A Novel Deep Learning Segmentation and Classification Framework for Leukemia Diagnosis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389347312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16120556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120556","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/12/556/pdf?version=1701749505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/12/556/pdf?version=1701749505","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060039027","display_name":"A. Khuzaim Alzahrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2642-9525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Khuzaim Alzahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Applied Science, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Applied Science, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014237652","display_name":"Ahmed A. Alsheikhy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9811-0341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed A. Alsheikhy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036528804","display_name":"Tawfeeq Shawly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7997-7038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tawfeeq Shawly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093423609","display_name":"Ahmed Azzahrani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Azzahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030348316","display_name":"Yahia Said","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0613-4037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahia Said","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014237652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.1612,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89839712,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"12","first_page":"556","last_page":"556"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9232000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7925900220870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7290890216827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.696498453617096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6569697260856628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.6335679292678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leukemia","display_name":"Leukemia","score":0.6290988326072693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5150270462036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.45847371220588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45800352096557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4204341173171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.41072720289230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1641363799571991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.0947830080986023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7925900220870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7290890216827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.696498453617096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6569697260856628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.6335679292678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778461978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29496","display_name":"Leukemia","level":2,"score":0.6290988326072693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5150270462036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.45847371220588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45800352096557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4204341173171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.41072720289230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1641363799571991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0947830080986023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16120556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120556","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/12/556/pdf?version=1701749505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b4c5efdef28e4c009bb3deb856bec9ed","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b4c5efdef28e4c009bb3deb856bec9ed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 16, Iss 12, p 556 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16120556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120556","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/12/556/pdf?version=1701749505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328654","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389347312.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2893154092","https://openalex.org/W2966069078","https://openalex.org/W2999958583","https://openalex.org/W3008518764","https://openalex.org/W3016457468","https://openalex.org/W3111956305","https://openalex.org/W3119831909","https://openalex.org/W3162412448","https://openalex.org/W3173704035","https://openalex.org/W3183122056","https://openalex.org/W3187020955","https://openalex.org/W3196551901","https://openalex.org/W3210804650","https://openalex.org/W3213058004","https://openalex.org/W4205400775","https://openalex.org/W4206486197","https://openalex.org/W4207029596","https://openalex.org/W4210460174","https://openalex.org/W4229034657","https://openalex.org/W4251591804","https://openalex.org/W4283259222","https://openalex.org/W4292059725","https://openalex.org/W4297510028","https://openalex.org/W4319659936","https://openalex.org/W4319660014","https://openalex.org/W4319707252","https://openalex.org/W4386444584","https://openalex.org/W6773366035","https://openalex.org/W6797725722"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W4311804456","https://openalex.org/W1987484445","https://openalex.org/W2623658258","https://openalex.org/W2143413548","https://openalex.org/W1969219540","https://openalex.org/W2085633464","https://openalex.org/W151699219"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blood":[0],"cancer":[1],"occurs":[2,18],"due":[3],"to":[4,61,65,76,129,152,170,185],"changes":[5,12],"in":[6,20,32,256],"white":[7],"blood":[8],"cells":[9],"(WBCs).":[10],"These":[11],"are":[13,100,147],"known":[14],"as":[15],"leukemia.":[16],"Leukemia":[17],"mostly":[19],"children":[21],"and":[22,38,45,102,114,125,131,155,158,174,197,210,234],"affects":[23],"their":[24,92,257],"tissues":[25],"or":[26],"plasma.":[27],"However,":[28,95],"it":[29,42,63,236],"could":[30],"occur":[31,52],"adults.":[33],"This":[34,119],"disease":[35],"becomes":[36],"fatal":[37],"causes":[39],"death":[40],"if":[41],"is":[43,58,117,168,227],"discovered":[44],"diagnosed":[46],"late.":[47],"In":[48,212],"addition,":[49,213],"leukemia":[50,78,133,233],"can":[51,252],"from":[53],"genetic":[54],"mutations.":[55],"Therefore,":[56],"there":[57],"a":[59,67,105,108,122,135,148,228],"need":[60,106],"detect":[62,77],"early":[64],"save":[66],"patient\u2019s":[68],"life.":[69],"Recently,":[70],"researchers":[71],"have":[72,86],"developed":[73,169],"various":[74],"methods":[75,99],"using":[79,134,189],"different":[80],"technologies.":[81],"Deep":[82],"learning":[83,137,150],"approaches":[84],"(DLAs)":[85],"been":[87],"widely":[88],"utilized":[89],"because":[90],"of":[91,97,245],"high":[93],"accuracy.":[94],"some":[96,244],"these":[98],"time-consuming":[101],"costly.":[103],"Thus,":[104],"for":[107,208,217,231],"practical":[109],"solution":[110],"with":[111],"low":[112],"cost":[113],"higher":[115],"accuracy":[116,207],"required.":[118],"article":[120],"proposes":[121],"novel":[123],"segmentation":[124,154,173,209],"classification":[126,159],"framework":[127],"model":[128,188,242],"discover":[130],"categorize":[132],"deep":[136,149],"structure.":[138],"The":[139,219,249],"proposed":[140,250],"system":[141,251],"encompasses":[142],"two":[143],"main":[144],"parts,":[145],"which":[146],"technology":[151],"perform":[153],"characteristic":[156],"extraction":[157,176],"on":[160,182],"the":[161,172,187,224,241,246],"segmented":[162],"section.":[163],"A":[164],"new":[165],"UNET":[166],"architecture":[167],"provide":[171],"feature":[175],"processes.":[177],"Various":[178],"experiments":[179],"were":[180],"performed":[181],"four":[183],"datasets":[184],"evaluate":[186],"numerous":[190],"performance":[191],"factors,":[192],"including":[193],"precision,":[194],"recall,":[195],"F-score,":[196],"Dice":[198],"Similarity":[199],"Coefficient":[200],"(DSC).":[201],"It":[202],"achieved":[203,216],"an":[204],"average":[205],"97.82%":[206],"categorization.":[211],"98.64%":[214],"was":[215],"F-score.":[218],"obtained":[220],"results":[221],"indicate":[222],"that":[223],"presented":[225],"method":[226],"powerful":[229],"technique":[230],"discovering":[232],"categorizing":[235],"into":[237],"suitable":[238],"groups.":[239],"Furthermore,":[240],"outperforms":[243],"implemented":[247],"methods.":[248],"assist":[253],"healthcare":[254],"providers":[255],"services.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
