{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388446596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16110510","title":"Detecting and Processing Unsuspected Sensitive Variables for Robust Machine Learning","display_name":"Detecting and Processing Unsuspected Sensitive Variables for Robust Machine Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388446596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16110510"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16110510","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16110510","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/11/510/pdf?version=1699348185","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/11/510/pdf?version=1699348185","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082554847","display_name":"Laurent Risser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2207-6615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/004raaa70","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098964","display_name":"Toulouse Mathematics Institute","ror":null,"country_code":"FR","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098964"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laurent Risser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Math\u00e9matiques de Toulouse, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31077 Toulouse, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2207-6615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Math\u00e9matiques de Toulouse, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31077 Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098964","https://openalex.org/I17866349","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056924085","display_name":"Agustin Martin Picard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709072","display_name":"IRT Saint Exup\u00e9ry","ror":"https://ror.org/01qew1n19","country_code":null,"type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4394709072"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agustin Martin Picard","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRT Saint Exup\u00e9ry, F-31400 Toulouse, France","Scalian, F-31100 Toulouse, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRT Saint Exup\u00e9ry, F-31400 Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4394709072"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scalian, F-31100 Toulouse, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054090606","display_name":"Lucas Hervier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6642-467X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709072","display_name":"IRT Saint Exup\u00e9ry","ror":"https://ror.org/01qew1n19","country_code":null,"type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4394709072"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Hervier","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRT Saint Exup\u00e9ry, F-31400 Toulouse, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRT Saint Exup\u00e9ry, F-31400 Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4394709072"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025032659","display_name":"Jean\u2013Michel Loubes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1252-2960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/004raaa70","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098964","display_name":"Toulouse Mathematics Institute","ror":null,"country_code":"FR","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098964"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Michel Loubes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Math\u00e9matiques de Toulouse, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31077 Toulouse, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1252-2960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Math\u00e9matiques de Toulouse, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31077 Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098964","https://openalex.org/I17866349","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025032659","https://openalex.org/A5082554847"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I17866349","https://openalex.org/I4210098964"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.1657,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57573579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"510","last_page":"510"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7963500022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7683908939361572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7401219010353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6367425322532654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.575283944606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4791676104068756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.420858770608902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.4166072607040405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.25902217626571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.07948744297027588}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7963500022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7683908939361572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7401219010353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6367425322532654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.575283944606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4791676104068756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.420858770608902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.4166072607040405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.25902217626571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.07948744297027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16110510","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16110510","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/11/510/pdf?version=1699348185","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04874222v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04874222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, 2023, 16 (11), pp.510. ⟨10.3390/a16110510⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:85a39e2c495f467baf2f89b233b53240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/85a39e2c495f467baf2f89b233b53240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 16, Iss 11, p 510 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16110510","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16110510","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/11/510/pdf?version=1699348185","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3879958799","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19-PI3A-0004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4553129391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-3IA","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G602161992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-19-PI3A-0004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318455765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388446596.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":109,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22168010","https://openalex.org/W1576278180","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2040825624","https://openalex.org/W2080909237","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2116984840","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2555745781","https://openalex.org/W2767106145","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2794825826","https://openalex.org/W2867167548","https://openalex.org/W2909023669","https://openalex.org/W2945445411","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963078831","https://openalex.org/W2963116854","https://openalex.org/W2963350032","https://openalex.org/W2963466845","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W2964194231","https://openalex.org/W2995225687","https://openalex.org/W2998653622","https://openalex.org/W2999331643","https://openalex.org/W3004542466","https://openalex.org/W3014590323","https://openalex.org/W3021336872","https://openalex.org/W3033733989","https://openalex.org/W3034410824","https://openalex.org/W3035141830","https://openalex.org/W3049256904","https://openalex.org/W3097489012","https://openalex.org/W3102785203","https://openalex.org/W3103487950","https://openalex.org/W3105580455","https://openalex.org/W3120485916","https://openalex.org/W3121368818","https://openalex.org/W3127463063","https://openalex.org/W3133121425","https://openalex.org/W3133743901","https://openalex.org/W3134369314","https://openalex.org/W3136000444","https://openalex.org/W3157574109","https://openalex.org/W3161922222","https://openalex.org/W3168398407","https://openalex.org/W3168771811","https://openalex.org/W3172141633","https://openalex.org/W3177313640","https://openalex.org/W3179023856","https://openalex.org/W3181273692","https://openalex.org/W3188960136","https://openalex.org/W3199802323","https://openalex.org/W3202615267","https://openalex.org/W4210736086","https://openalex.org/W4220718380","https://openalex.org/W4220760463","https://openalex.org/W4224311389","https://openalex.org/W4226089158","https://openalex.org/W4229442586","https://openalex.org/W4229494842","https://openalex.org/W4237628979","https://openalex.org/W4241550134","https://openalex.org/W4280578116","https://openalex.org/W4285605925","https://openalex.org/W4286893216","https://openalex.org/W4288083516","https://openalex.org/W4288262450","https://openalex.org/W4289258088","https://openalex.org/W4296186062","https://openalex.org/W4301802631","https://openalex.org/W4307415855","https://openalex.org/W4307823382","https://openalex.org/W4312414453","https://openalex.org/W4312901583","https://openalex.org/W4312983864","https://openalex.org/W4316925063","https://openalex.org/W4380319137","https://openalex.org/W4385571566","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6744110554","https://openalex.org/W6752760542","https://openalex.org/W6757575617","https://openalex.org/W6763088173","https://openalex.org/W6765646913","https://openalex.org/W6772500241","https://openalex.org/W6779694364","https://openalex.org/W6779801148","https://openalex.org/W6798345263","https://openalex.org/W6803277729","https://openalex.org/W6803555569","https://openalex.org/W6804364296","https://openalex.org/W6807593720","https://openalex.org/W6809893576","https://openalex.org/W6810722062","https://openalex.org/W6840236200","https://openalex.org/W6842377473"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W3022067003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,167,217],"problem":[1],"of":[2,13,52,67,116,124,138,152,169,180,230,240,257],"algorithmic":[3,29],"bias":[4,163],"in":[5,55,97,134,156,165,183,212,226],"machine":[6,36,57,185],"learning":[7,37,58],"has":[8,209,261],"recently":[9],"gained":[10],"a":[11,65,113,135,157,177,190,227,238,246,255],"lot":[12],"attention":[14,87],"due":[15],"to":[16,61,85,88,174,193,196,223,244,265],"its":[17],"potentially":[18,68],"strong":[19],"impact":[20],"on":[21,237],"our":[22,170,251],"societies.":[23],"In":[24,102,248],"much":[25],"the":[26,53,56,91,117,122,139,149,213,258],"same":[27],"manner,":[28],"biases":[30],"can":[31,76],"alter":[32],"industrial":[33,98,231],"and":[34,99,145,195],"safety-critical":[35,100],"applications,":[38,63],"where":[39,64,159],"high-dimensional":[40],"inputs":[41],"are":[42,94],"used.":[43],"This":[44,142],"issue":[45],"has,":[46],"however,":[47],"been":[48,210,272],"mostly":[49],"left":[50],"out":[51],"spotlight":[54],"literature.":[59],"Contrary":[60],"societal":[62],"set":[66,239],"sensitive":[69,92,106],"variables,":[70],"such":[71,198],"as":[72,112,203],"gender":[73],"or":[74,82],"race,":[75],"be":[77,109,129,224],"defined":[78],"by":[79,83,131],"common":[80],"sense":[81],"regulations":[84,161],"draw":[86],"potential":[89],"risks,":[90],"variables":[93,107],"often":[95],"unsuspected":[96,105,273],"applications.":[101],"addition,":[103],"these":[104],"may":[108,128],"indirectly":[110],"represented":[111],"latent":[114],"feature":[115],"input":[118],"data.":[119],"For":[120],"instance,":[121],"predictions":[123],"an":[125],"image":[126],"classifier":[127],"altered":[130],"reconstruction":[132,262],"artefacts":[133],"small":[136],"subset":[137,256],"training":[140,259],"images.":[141],"raises":[143],"serious":[144],"well-founded":[146],"concerns":[147],"about":[148],"commercial":[150],"deployment":[151],"AI-based":[153],"solutions,":[154],"especially":[155],"context":[158],"new":[160,191],"address":[162],"issues":[164],"AI.":[166],"purpose":[168],"paper":[171],"is,":[172],"then,":[173],"first":[175],"give":[176],"large":[178],"overview":[179],"recent":[181],"advances":[182],"robust":[184],"learning.":[186],"Then,":[187],"we":[188,204],"propose":[189],"procedure":[192,208,218],"detect":[194],"treat":[197],"unknown":[199],"biases.":[200],"As":[201],"far":[202],"know,":[205],"no":[206],"equivalent":[207],"proposed":[211],"literature":[214],"so":[215],"far.":[216],"is":[219,235],"also":[220],"generic":[221],"enough":[222],"used":[225,243],"wide":[228],"variety":[229],"contexts.":[232],"Its":[233],"relevance":[234],"demonstrated":[236],"satellite":[241],"images":[242,260],"train":[245],"classifier.":[247],"this":[249],"illustration,":[250],"technique":[252],"detects":[253],"that":[254,269],"faults,":[263],"leading":[264],"systematic":[266],"prediction":[267],"errors":[268],"would":[270],"have":[271],"using":[274],"conventional":[275],"cross-validation":[276],"techniques.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}