{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386091951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16090400","title":"A Comprehensive Analysis of Real-Time Car Safety Belt Detection Using the YOLOv7 Algorithm","display_name":"A Comprehensive Analysis of Real-Time Car Safety Belt Detection Using the YOLOv7 Algorithm","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386091951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16090400"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16090400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16090400","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/9/400/pdf?version=1692782085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/9/400/pdf?version=1692782085","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037003141","display_name":"Lwando Nkuzo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110603874","display_name":"Central University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/033z08192","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110603874"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lwando Nkuzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110603874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025974981","display_name":"Malusi Sibiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5617-768X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110603874","display_name":"Central University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/033z08192","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110603874"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Malusi Sibiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110603874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055083185","display_name":"Elisha Didam Markus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6778-4004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110603874","display_name":"Central University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/033z08192","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110603874"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisha Didam Markus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110603874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025974981","https://openalex.org/A5037003141"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110603874"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.5647,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85415577,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"9","first_page":"400","last_page":"400"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7418163418769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6708688139915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.5656797289848328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seat-belt","display_name":"Seat belt","score":0.43688973784446716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.434208482503891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4238930344581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42173510789871216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3382333815097809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.19693192839622498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.19038745760917664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11805999279022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.06769204139709473}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7418163418769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6708688139915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.5656797289848328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777639670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200403","display_name":"Seat belt","level":2,"score":0.43688973784446716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.434208482503891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4238930344581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42173510789871216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3382333815097809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.19693192839622498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.19038745760917664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11805999279022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.06769204139709473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16090400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16090400","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/9/400/pdf?version=1692782085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f87483eaff944f00badfacf0295b47cd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f87483eaff944f00badfacf0295b47cd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 400 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/16/9/400/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16090400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 16; Issue 9; Pages: 400","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16090400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16090400","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/9/400/pdf?version=1692782085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323430","display_name":"Central University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/033z08192"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386091951.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019429755","https://openalex.org/W2605899186","https://openalex.org/W2914756761","https://openalex.org/W2947177629","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W3010655944","https://openalex.org/W3011166467","https://openalex.org/W3022144790","https://openalex.org/W3056919267","https://openalex.org/W3133176517","https://openalex.org/W3154170174","https://openalex.org/W3167976421","https://openalex.org/W3176592868","https://openalex.org/W3177651358","https://openalex.org/W3180134609","https://openalex.org/W4230021250","https://openalex.org/W4283204678","https://openalex.org/W4297687147","https://openalex.org/W4312203254","https://openalex.org/W4313139829","https://openalex.org/W4320002812","https://openalex.org/W4321374253","https://openalex.org/W4353065795","https://openalex.org/W4385322887","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W6848845553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2010562705","https://openalex.org/W4378874356","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W2369811061"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"a":[1,20,52,114,150,161,173,179],"safety":[2,24,57,109,162,199],"belt":[3,25,163,200],"is":[4],"crucial":[5],"for":[6,72,79,102,117],"preventing":[7],"severe":[8],"injuries":[9],"and":[10,77,81,87,107,144,168,186],"fatalities":[11],"during":[12],"vehicle":[13,22,53,133],"accidents.":[14],"In":[15],"this":[16,73],"paper,":[17],"we":[18,91],"propose":[19],"real-time":[21],"occupant":[23],"detection":[26,39],"system":[27,100],"based":[28],"on":[29,149,156],"the":[30,49,68,85,119,123,128,138,146,158,193,198],"YOLOv7":[31,120],"(You":[32],"Only":[33],"Look":[34],"Once":[35],"version":[36],"seven)":[37],"object":[38],"algorithm.":[40],"The":[41,153,170],"proposed":[42],"approach":[43],"aims":[44],"to":[45,126],"automatically":[46],"detect":[47],"whether":[48],"occupants":[50],"of":[51,89,95,140,160,176,184,190],"have":[54],"buckled":[55],"their":[56],"belts":[58,143],"or":[59],"not":[60],"as":[61,63],"soon":[62],"they":[64],"are":[65],"detected":[66],"within":[67],"vehicle.":[69],"A":[70],"dataset":[71,129],"purpose":[74],"was":[75],"collected":[76],"annotated":[78],"validation":[80],"testing.":[82],"By":[83],"leveraging":[84],"efficiency":[86],"accuracy":[88],"YOLOv7,":[90],"achieve":[92],"near-instantaneous":[93],"analysis":[94],"video":[96],"streams,":[97],"making":[98],"our":[99],"suitable":[101],"deployment":[103],"in":[104,196],"various":[105],"surveillance":[106],"automotive":[108],"applications.":[110],"This":[111],"paper":[112],"outlines":[113],"comprehensive":[115],"methodology":[116],"training":[118],"model":[121],"using":[122],"labelImg":[124],"tool":[125],"annotate":[127],"with":[130,178],"images":[131],"showing":[132],"occupants.":[134],"It":[135],"also":[136],"discusses":[137],"challenges":[139],"detecting":[141],"seat":[142],"evaluates":[145],"system\u2019s":[147,194],"performance":[148],"real-world":[151],"dataset.":[152],"evaluation":[154],"focuses":[155],"distinguishing":[157],"status":[159],"between":[164],"two":[165],"classes:":[166],"\u201cbuckled\u201d":[167],"\u201cunbuckled\u201d.":[169],"results":[171],"demonstrate":[172],"high":[174],"level":[175],"accuracy,":[177],"mean":[180],"average":[181],"precision":[182],"(mAP)":[183],"99.6%":[185],"an":[187],"F1":[188],"score":[189],"98%,":[191],"indicating":[192],"effectiveness":[195],"identifying":[197],"status.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2023-08-24T00:00:00"}