{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386091953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16090399","title":"Detecting Image Forgery over Social Media Using U-NET with Grasshopper Optimization","display_name":"Detecting Image Forgery over Social Media Using U-NET with Grasshopper Optimization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386091953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16090399"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16090399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16090399","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/9/399/pdf?version=1692780614","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/9/399/pdf?version=1692780614","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092679156","display_name":"Niousha Ghannad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52353378","display_name":"Laurentian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcwtr18","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52353378"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niousha Ghannad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Computer Science, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52353378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035585945","display_name":"Kalpdrum Passi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7155-7901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52353378","display_name":"Laurentian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcwtr18","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52353378"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kalpdrum Passi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Computer Science, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52353378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035585945"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52353378"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.7355,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72743532,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"9","first_page":"399","last_page":"399"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8212286233901978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6431222558021545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elastic-net-regularization","display_name":"Elastic net regularization","score":0.5416768789291382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/f1-score","display_name":"F1 score","score":0.5165718793869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.500002384185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.48606422543525696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.419575959444046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32070350646972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.17779207229614258}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8212286233901978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6431222558021545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203868755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5353562","display_name":"Elastic net regularization","level":3,"score":0.5416768789291382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.5165718793869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.500002384185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.48606422543525696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.419575959444046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32070350646972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.17779207229614258}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16090399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16090399","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/9/399/pdf?version=1692780614","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d03fc6ac19b746568e16875e1f1d4291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d03fc6ac19b746568e16875e1f1d4291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 399 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/16/9/399/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16090399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 16; Issue 9; Pages: 399","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16090399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16090399","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/9/399/pdf?version=1692780614","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386091953.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975056068","https://openalex.org/W2169439181","https://openalex.org/W2520022511","https://openalex.org/W2540421039","https://openalex.org/W2554694615","https://openalex.org/W2593218439","https://openalex.org/W2725210289","https://openalex.org/W2757147828","https://openalex.org/W2792595326","https://openalex.org/W2811414481","https://openalex.org/W2890455271","https://openalex.org/W2895129173","https://openalex.org/W2931259866","https://openalex.org/W2944773574","https://openalex.org/W2950452242","https://openalex.org/W2963678090","https://openalex.org/W2963777235","https://openalex.org/W2965545961","https://openalex.org/W2978310319","https://openalex.org/W3015516611","https://openalex.org/W3018481033","https://openalex.org/W3034196597","https://openalex.org/W3035028692","https://openalex.org/W3036644531","https://openalex.org/W3037042435","https://openalex.org/W3043251718","https://openalex.org/W3083246145","https://openalex.org/W3094673569","https://openalex.org/W3128567171","https://openalex.org/W3136017287","https://openalex.org/W3137351206","https://openalex.org/W3137469961","https://openalex.org/W3138649308","https://openalex.org/W3154362247","https://openalex.org/W3166948912","https://openalex.org/W3168331896","https://openalex.org/W3172150699","https://openalex.org/W3217531555","https://openalex.org/W4210738268","https://openalex.org/W4226162131","https://openalex.org/W4253598149","https://openalex.org/W4292904585","https://openalex.org/W6790291367"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4213314600","https://openalex.org/W3211319599","https://openalex.org/W2122825543","https://openalex.org/W4388594321","https://openalex.org/W4292248859","https://openalex.org/W2148172612","https://openalex.org/W4221147225","https://openalex.org/W2771997889","https://openalex.org/W2954774635","https://openalex.org/W2468272465"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"video":[1],"and":[2,11,21,37,62,83,129,137,147,224,234],"digital":[3],"images":[4,116],"possess":[5],"extensive":[6],"utility,":[7],"ranging":[8],"from":[9,180],"recreational":[10],"social":[12],"media":[13],"purposes":[14],"to":[15,40,67,74,110,190,212],"verification,":[16],"military":[17],"operations,":[18],"legal":[19],"proceedings,":[20],"penalization.":[22],"The":[23,98,123,198,215],"enhancement":[24],"mechanisms":[25],"of":[26,89,100,106,141,154,184,187,194,217,241],"this":[27,45,70,101,218],"medium":[28],"have":[29],"undergone":[30],"significant":[31],"advancements,":[32],"rendering":[33],"them":[34],"more":[35,96],"accessible":[36,174],"widely":[38],"available":[39],"a":[41,107],"larger":[42],"population.":[43],"Consequently,":[44],"has":[46],"facilitated":[47],"the":[48,76,87,90,104,112,118,127,134,139,144,152,155,162,172,181,192,195,202,207,225,235,239,242],"ease":[49],"with":[50,117],"which":[51,72],"counterfeiters":[52],"can":[53],"manipulate":[54],"images.":[55],"Convolutional":[56],"neural":[57],"network":[58,157],"(CNN)-based":[59],"feature":[60],"extraction":[61],"detection":[63,92,177],"techniques":[64],"were":[65,168],"used":[66],"carry":[68],"out":[69,170],"task,":[71],"aims":[73],"identify":[75,111],"variations":[77],"in":[78,115,143],"image":[79,175],"features":[80],"between":[81],"modified":[82],"non-manipulated":[84],"areas.":[85],"However,":[86],"effectiveness":[88,216],"existing":[91],"methods":[93],"could":[94],"be":[95],"efficient.":[97],"contributions":[99],"paper":[102],"include":[103],"introduction":[105],"segmentation":[108,209],"method":[109,219],"forgery":[113],"region":[114],"U-Net":[119,145,156,203,243],"model\u2019s":[120],"improved":[121],"structure.":[122],"suggested":[124,196],"model":[125],"connects":[126],"encoder":[128],"decoder":[130],"pipeline":[131],"by":[132,160],"improving":[133],"convolution":[135],"module":[136],"increasing":[138],"set":[140],"weights":[142],"contraction":[146],"expansion":[148],"path.":[149],"In":[150],"addition,":[151],"parameters":[153],"are":[158],"optimized":[159],"using":[161],"grasshopper":[163],"optimization":[164],"algorithm":[165],"(GOA).":[166],"Experiments":[167],"carried":[169],"on":[171,222,230],"publicly":[173],"tempering":[176],"evaluation":[178],"dataset":[179],"Chinese":[182],"Academy":[183],"Sciences":[185],"Institute":[186],"Automation":[188],"(CASIA)":[189],"assess":[191],"efficacy":[193],"strategy.":[197],"results":[199,210,227],"show":[200],"that":[201],"modifications":[204,244],"significantly":[205],"improve":[206],"overall":[208],"compared":[211],"other":[213,246],"models.":[214,247],"was":[220],"evaluated":[221],"CASIA,":[223],"quantitative":[226],"obtained":[228],"based":[229],"accuracy,":[231],"precision,":[232],"recall,":[233],"F1":[236],"score":[237],"demonstrate":[238],"superiority":[240],"over":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2023-08-24T00:00:00"}