{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385636039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16080379","title":"A Multi-Objective Tri-Level Algorithm for Hub-and-Spoke Network in Short Sea Shipping Transportation","display_name":"A Multi-Objective Tri-Level Algorithm for Hub-and-Spoke Network in Short Sea Shipping Transportation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385636039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16080379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16080379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16080379","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/8/379/pdf?version=1691379776","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/8/379/pdf?version=1691379776","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012775454","display_name":"Panagiotis Farmakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Farmakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083878233","display_name":"A.P. Chassiakos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-4390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Athanasios Chassiakos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029714569","display_name":"Stylianos Karatzas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8318-6100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stylianos Karatzas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083878233"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.6218,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73540787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"379","last_page":"379"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11223","display_name":"Maritime Ports and Logistics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.662649393081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travelling-salesman-problem","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","score":0.5365578532218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.5184009075164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.516548752784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joins","display_name":"Joins","score":0.47589266300201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoke-hub-distribution-paradigm","display_name":"Spoke-hub distribution paradigm","score":0.4402514100074768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4353678822517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.42874112725257874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3957417905330658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.27094754576683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1956302523612976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14943400025367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13968926668167114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.662649393081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175859090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322212","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","level":2,"score":0.5365578532218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5184009075164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.516548752784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778692605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4041866","display_name":"Joins","level":2,"score":0.47589266300201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120387236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292180","display_name":"Spoke-hub distribution paradigm","level":2,"score":0.4402514100074768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4353678822517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.42874112725257874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3957417905330658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.27094754576683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1956302523612976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14943400025367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13968926668167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16080379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16080379","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/8/379/pdf?version=1691379776","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3becedc3082742d29c1bc8c202e18f0d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3becedc3082742d29c1bc8c202e18f0d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 16, Iss 8, p 379 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/16/8/379/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16080379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 16; Issue 8; Pages: 379","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16080379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16080379","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/8/379/pdf?version=1691379776","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385636039.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1231707848","https://openalex.org/W1968911485","https://openalex.org/W1976437427","https://openalex.org/W1976793150","https://openalex.org/W1979619396","https://openalex.org/W1992790175","https://openalex.org/W1993870313","https://openalex.org/W1996679847","https://openalex.org/W2005053025","https://openalex.org/W2008731232","https://openalex.org/W2013782474","https://openalex.org/W2015462215","https://openalex.org/W2022806143","https://openalex.org/W2037551729","https://openalex.org/W2040318179","https://openalex.org/W2042772514","https://openalex.org/W2049582114","https://openalex.org/W2066203426","https://openalex.org/W2071327538","https://openalex.org/W2074019423","https://openalex.org/W2075942607","https://openalex.org/W2084261128","https://openalex.org/W2084663029","https://openalex.org/W2088616082","https://openalex.org/W2118718359","https://openalex.org/W2122118143","https://openalex.org/W2146544027","https://openalex.org/W2155887048","https://openalex.org/W2159038687","https://openalex.org/W2475439842","https://openalex.org/W2535679265","https://openalex.org/W2697124173","https://openalex.org/W2764076827","https://openalex.org/W2767173122","https://openalex.org/W2886210152","https://openalex.org/W2889896490","https://openalex.org/W2900647044","https://openalex.org/W2923724034","https://openalex.org/W2941062730","https://openalex.org/W3084352314","https://openalex.org/W3084807265","https://openalex.org/W3086547054","https://openalex.org/W3098391978","https://openalex.org/W4292147981","https://openalex.org/W4292328856","https://openalex.org/W6651858632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088925915","https://openalex.org/W2382891957","https://openalex.org/W2393491644","https://openalex.org/W2067184662","https://openalex.org/W3047837489","https://openalex.org/W2104496206","https://openalex.org/W2622139626","https://openalex.org/W2133660117","https://openalex.org/W3013303285","https://openalex.org/W2460064814"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hub-and-Spoke":[0,55],"(H&amp;S)":[1],"network":[2,13,292],"modeling":[3],"is":[4,134,171],"a":[5,95,168,242,288],"form":[6],"of":[7,53,62,104,139,165,191,229,244,249,275,304],"transport":[8,295],"topology":[9],"optimization":[10,90,98,232],"in":[11,206,222,247,259,273,301,321,324],"which":[12,41],"joins":[14],"are":[15,43,88,219],"connected":[16],"through":[17,40,184],"intermediate":[18],"hub":[19,78,143],"nodes.":[20],"The":[21,49,132,176,197,212],"Short":[22,105],"Sea":[23,106],"Shipping":[24,107],"(SSS)":[25],"problem":[26,50,109],"aims":[27],"to":[28,45,110,160,216,261,318],"efficiently":[29],"disperse":[30],"passenger":[31,63,127,264],"flows":[32,64],"involving":[33],"multiple":[34],"vessel":[35],"routes":[36,85],"and":[37,56,82,114,121,150,163,182,187,194,254,279,294,307,323],"intermediary":[38],"hubs":[39],"passengers":[42],"transferred":[44],"their":[46],"final":[47],"destination.":[48],"contains":[51],"elements":[52],"the":[54,72,77,83,101,142,147,152,161,166,174,201,209,223,227,250,262,285,302,313,325],"Travelling":[57],"Salesman,":[58],"with":[59,208],"different":[60,192],"levels":[61,138],"among":[65,86],"islands,":[66],"making":[67],"it":[68],"more":[69,255],"demanding":[70],"than":[71,256],"typical":[73],"H&amp;S":[74],"one,":[75],"as":[76],"selection":[79],"within":[80,156],"nodes":[81],"shortest":[84],"islands":[87],"internal":[89],"goals.":[91],"This":[92],"work":[93,286],"introduces":[94],"multi-objective":[96,213],"tri-level":[97],"algorithm":[99,170,177,202,271],"for":[100,173,290],"General":[102],"Network":[103],"(GNSSS)":[108],"reduce":[111],"travel":[112,119],"distances":[113],"transportation":[115,322],"costs":[116],"while":[117],"improving":[118],"quality":[120],"user":[122],"satisfaction,":[123],"mainly":[124],"by":[125,298],"minimizing":[126],"hours":[128],"spent":[129],"on":[130],"board.":[131],"analysis":[133],"performed":[135],"at":[136,241],"three":[137],"decisions:":[140],"(a)":[141],"node":[144],"assignment,":[145,149],"(b)":[146],"island-to-line":[148],"(c)":[151],"island":[153],"service":[154,309],"sequence":[155],"each":[157],"line.":[158],"Due":[159],"magnitude":[162],"complexity":[164],"problem,":[167],"genetic":[169],"employed":[172],"implementation.":[175],"performance":[178,272],"has":[179],"been":[180],"tested":[181],"evaluated":[183],"several":[185],"real":[186],"simulated":[188],"case":[189],"studies":[190],"sizes":[193],"operational":[195],"scenarios.":[196],"results":[198,267],"indicate":[199,269],"that":[200,218],"provides":[203,287],"rational":[204],"solutions":[205,217,239],"accordance":[207],"desired":[210],"sub-objectives.":[211],"consideration":[214],"leads":[215],"quite":[220],"scattered":[221],"solution":[224],"space,":[225],"indicating":[226],"necessity":[228],"employing":[230],"formal":[231],"methods.":[233],"Typical":[234],"Pareto":[235],"diagrams":[236],"present":[237],"non-dominated":[238],"varying":[240],"range":[243],"30":[245],"percent":[246,258],"terms":[248,274],"total":[251],"distance":[252],"traveled":[253],"50":[257],"relation":[260],"cumulative":[263],"hours.":[265],"Evaluation":[266],"further":[268],"satisfactory":[270],"result":[276],"stability":[277],"(repeatability)":[278],"computational":[280],"time":[281],"requirements.":[282],"In":[283,311],"conclusion,":[284],"tool":[289],"assisting":[291],"operation":[293],"planning":[296],"decisions":[297],"shipping":[299],"companies":[300],"directions":[303],"cost":[305],"reduction":[306],"traveler":[308],"upgrade.":[310],"addition,":[312],"model":[314],"can":[315],"be":[316],"adapted":[317],"other":[319],"applications":[320],"supply":[326],"chain.":[327]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2023-08-08T00:00:00"}
