{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381661674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16060308","title":"Enhancing Heart Disease Prediction through Ensemble Learning Techniques with Hyperparameter Optimization","display_name":"Enhancing Heart Disease Prediction through Ensemble Learning Techniques with Hyperparameter Optimization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381661674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16060308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16060308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16060308","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/6/308/pdf?version=1687350852","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/6/308/pdf?version=1687350852","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092236747","display_name":"Daniyal Asif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1535-7944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniyal Asif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068728183","display_name":"Mairaj Bibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-7091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mairaj Bibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083618602","display_name":"Muhammad Shoaib Arif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6009-5609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shoaib Arif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia","Department of Mathematics, Air University, PAF Complex E-9, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Air University, PAF Complex E-9, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025740417","display_name":"Aiman Mukheimer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8798-3297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aiman Mukheimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025740417","https://openalex.org/A5083618602"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983","https://openalex.org/I899713450"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":37.8686,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99775799,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"308","last_page":"308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","score":0.9416301250457764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.9243694543838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7696402072906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7485828399658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.6737304329872131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6664299964904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6403481960296631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.593610405921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5211570262908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-disease","display_name":"Heart disease","score":0.5184923410415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.19855496287345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11231151223182678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10485038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48996162","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","level":3,"score":0.9416301250457764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.9243694543838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7696402072906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7485828399658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.6737304329872131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6664299964904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6403481960296631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.593610405921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5211570262908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780074459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389735","display_name":"Heart disease","level":2,"score":0.5184923410415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.19855496287345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11231151223182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16060308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16060308","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/6/308/pdf?version=1687350852","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ff38d6ec00ae47d3bd627b493f3036a8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ff38d6ec00ae47d3bd627b493f3036a8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 16, Iss 6, p 308 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/16/6/308/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16060308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 16; Issue 6; Pages: 308","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16060308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16060308","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/6/308/pdf?version=1687350852","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G421358380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Saudi Arabia","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327702","funder_display_name":"Prince Sultan University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327702","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381661674.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532110920","https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W1992644002","https://openalex.org/W2042204882","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2068677783","https://openalex.org/W2085305244","https://openalex.org/W2097998348","https://openalex.org/W2151007654","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2216946510","https://openalex.org/W2264375300","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2536743021","https://openalex.org/W2802506731","https://openalex.org/W2811114122","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2964022491","https://openalex.org/W2970602317","https://openalex.org/W3039534199","https://openalex.org/W3092745004","https://openalex.org/W3094948551","https://openalex.org/W3116896278","https://openalex.org/W3132330016","https://openalex.org/W3194905393","https://openalex.org/W4210533574","https://openalex.org/W4248156351","https://openalex.org/W4283264067","https://openalex.org/W4295309687","https://openalex.org/W4309711338","https://openalex.org/W4313485199","https://openalex.org/W4313641730","https://openalex.org/W4319440851","https://openalex.org/W4321369284","https://openalex.org/W4362670487","https://openalex.org/W4367358128","https://openalex.org/W4367395400","https://openalex.org/W6631803734","https://openalex.org/W6652821990","https://openalex.org/W6674385629","https://openalex.org/W6750729320","https://openalex.org/W6791122433","https://openalex.org/W6843824648","https://openalex.org/W6851619677"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953665647","https://openalex.org/W4281646320","https://openalex.org/W4205712847","https://openalex.org/W3169687406","https://openalex.org/W1974336862","https://openalex.org/W4388119537","https://openalex.org/W3014750173","https://openalex.org/W3114025147","https://openalex.org/W4386295066","https://openalex.org/W4396679425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heart":[0],"disease":[1,19],"is":[2,21],"a":[3,33,41,79],"significant":[4],"global":[5],"health":[6],"issue,":[7],"contributing":[8],"to":[9,36,57],"high":[10],"morbidity":[11,157],"and":[12,16,26,53,101,111,150,156],"mortality":[13,155],"rates.":[14],"Early":[15],"accurate":[17,141],"heart":[18,59,138,160],"prediction":[20],"crucial":[22],"for":[23,82,98,109,130],"effectively":[24],"preventing":[25],"managing":[27],"the":[28,63,86,91,103,125,133,154],"condition.":[29],"However,":[30],"this":[31],"remains":[32],"challenging":[34],"task":[35],"achieve.":[37],"This":[38],"study":[39],"proposes":[40],"machine":[42],"learning":[43,55],"model":[44,129],"that":[45,74],"leverages":[46],"various":[47],"preprocessing":[48],"steps,":[49],"hyperparameter":[50,99],"optimization":[51],"techniques,":[52],"ensemble":[54],"algorithms":[56],"predict":[58],"disease.":[60,139,161],"To":[61],"evaluate":[62],"performance":[64],"of":[65,120,127,137],"our":[66,113,128],"model,":[67],"we":[68],"merged":[69],"three":[70],"datasets":[71],"from":[72],"Kaggle":[73],"have":[75],"similar":[76],"features,":[77],"creating":[78],"comprehensive":[80],"dataset":[81,104],"analysis.":[83],"By":[84],"employing":[85],"extra":[87],"tree":[88],"classifier,":[89],"normalizing":[90],"data,":[92],"utilizing":[93],"grid":[94],"search":[95],"cross-validation":[96],"(CV)":[97],"optimization,":[100],"splitting":[102],"with":[105,159],"an":[106,117],"80:20":[107],"ratio":[108],"training":[110],"testing,":[112],"proposed":[114],"approach":[115],"achieved":[116],"impressive":[118],"accuracy":[119],"98.15%.":[121],"These":[122],"findings":[123],"demonstrated":[124],"potential":[126],"accurately":[131],"predicting":[132],"presence":[134],"or":[135],"absence":[136],"Such":[140],"predictions":[142],"could":[143],"significantly":[144],"aid":[145],"in":[146],"early":[147],"prevention,":[148],"detection,":[149],"treatment,":[151],"ultimately":[152],"reducing":[153],"associated":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}