{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377107329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16050256","title":"Hierarchical Modelling for CO2 Variation Prediction for HVAC System Operation","display_name":"Hierarchical Modelling for CO2 Variation Prediction for HVAC System Operation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377107329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16050256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16050256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16050256","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/5/256/pdf?version=1684315523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/5/256/pdf?version=1684315523","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036132710","display_name":"Ibrahim Shaer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2723-4662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Shaer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2723-4662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041270670","display_name":"Abdallah Shami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-0350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdallah Shami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-0350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036132710","https://openalex.org/A5041270670"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.4566,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78339698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"256","last_page":"256"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hvac","display_name":"HVAC","score":0.9036421775817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6826654672622681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-air-quality","display_name":"Indoor air quality","score":0.6497046947479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ventilation","display_name":"Ventilation (architecture)","score":0.580878734588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.4992537498474121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.49315398931503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.48156216740608215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.46015575528144836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-conditioning","display_name":"Air conditioning","score":0.4578368663787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.45560163259506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.26072609424591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-engineering","display_name":"Architectural engineering","score":0.19065099954605103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14083561301231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12341582775115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-engineering","display_name":"Environmental engineering","score":0.10144674777984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10102576017379761}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.9036421775817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6826654672622681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905504","display_name":"Indoor air quality","level":2,"score":0.6497046947479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200457457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584049","display_name":"Ventilation (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.580878734588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.4992537498474121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.49315398931503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.48156216740608215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.46015575528144836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.4578368663787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.45560163259506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.26072609424591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.19065099954605103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14083561301231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12341582775115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.10144674777984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10102576017379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16050256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16050256","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/5/256/pdf?version=1684315523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e4dc40b7f6f747839ac24ebe84033d03","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e4dc40b7f6f747839ac24ebe84033d03","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 16, Iss 5, p 256 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/16/5/256/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16050256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 16; Issue 5; Pages: 256","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16050256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16050256","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/5/256/pdf?version=1684315523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377107329.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1934840894","https://openalex.org/W1972669681","https://openalex.org/W2089734242","https://openalex.org/W2090114421","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2101713460","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2163121678","https://openalex.org/W2182886880","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2491931956","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2621226175","https://openalex.org/W2734520852","https://openalex.org/W2747014259","https://openalex.org/W2796394553","https://openalex.org/W2802314367","https://openalex.org/W2803766679","https://openalex.org/W2885580664","https://openalex.org/W2887973822","https://openalex.org/W2945958815","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3011126096","https://openalex.org/W3012919764","https://openalex.org/W3017563132","https://openalex.org/W3036944027","https://openalex.org/W3037631072","https://openalex.org/W3045004532","https://openalex.org/W3045606352","https://openalex.org/W3097360695","https://openalex.org/W3119040938","https://openalex.org/W3150682333","https://openalex.org/W3151979942","https://openalex.org/W3191264823","https://openalex.org/W3194298282","https://openalex.org/W4205515482","https://openalex.org/W4220835048","https://openalex.org/W4229079939","https://openalex.org/W4296188928","https://openalex.org/W4308906956","https://openalex.org/W4318683780","https://openalex.org/W6632498628","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3045934583","https://openalex.org/W2437015738","https://openalex.org/W4312641736","https://openalex.org/W4283833227","https://openalex.org/W3093054803","https://openalex.org/W3046823714","https://openalex.org/W2348218441","https://openalex.org/W1525696263","https://openalex.org/W4205684936","https://openalex.org/W3021806226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Residential":[0],"and":[1,19,46,66,197],"industrial":[2],"buildings":[3],"are":[4],"significant":[5],"consumers":[6],"of":[7,31,53,63,72,107,150],"energy,":[8],"which":[9,182],"can":[10,57],"be":[11],"reduced":[12],"by":[13],"controlling":[14],"their":[15,112,191],"respective":[16],"Heating,":[17],"Ventilation,":[18],"Air":[20],"Conditioning":[21],"(HVAC)":[22],"systems.":[23],"Demand-based":[24],"Ventilation":[25],"(DCV)":[26],"determines":[27],"the":[28,47,70,102,108,119,125,134,137,158,165,178,187],"operational":[29],"times":[30],"ventilation":[32,74,188],"systems":[33,189],"that":[34,132],"depend":[35],"on":[36],"indoor":[37],"air":[38],"quality":[39],"(IAQ)":[40],"conditions,":[41],"including":[42],"CO2":[43,54,83,175],"concentration":[44,55],"changes,":[45],"occupants\u2019":[48],"comfort":[49],"requirements.":[50],"The":[51,92,144,161],"prediction":[52,139],"changes":[56,65],"act":[58],"as":[59],"a":[60,79],"proxy":[61],"estimator":[62],"occupancy":[64],"provide":[67],"feedback":[68],"about":[69],"utility":[71],"current":[73],"controls.":[75],"This":[76],"paper":[77],"proposes":[78],"Hierarchical":[80],"Model":[81],"for":[82],"Variation":[84],"Predictions":[85],"(HMCOVP)":[86],"to":[87,114,156,173],"accurately":[88],"predict":[89,157,174],"these":[90,180],"variations.":[91,176],"proposed":[93],"framework":[94],"addresses":[95],"two":[96,141],"concerns":[97],"in":[98,190],"state-of-the-art":[99,184],"implementations.":[100],"First,":[101],"hierarchical":[103],"structure":[104],"enables":[105],"fine-tuning":[106],"produced":[109],"models,":[110],"facilitating":[111],"transferability":[113],"different":[115,128],"spatial":[116],"settings.":[117],"Second,":[118],"formulation":[120],"incorporates":[121],"time":[122],"dependencies,":[123],"defining":[124],"relationship":[126],"between":[127],"IAQ":[129],"factors.":[130],"Toward":[131],"goal,":[133],"HMCOVP":[135],"decouples":[136],"variation":[138],"into":[140,153],"complementary":[142],"steps.":[143],"first":[145,166],"step":[146,163],"transforms":[147],"lagged":[148],"versions":[149],"environmental":[151],"features":[152],"image":[154],"representations":[155],"variations\u2019":[159],"direction.":[160],"second":[162],"combines":[164],"step\u2019s":[167],"result":[168],"with":[169],"environment-specific":[170],"historical":[171],"data":[172],"Through":[177],"HMCOVP,":[179],"predictions,":[181],"outperformed":[183],"approaches,":[185],"help":[186],"decision-making":[192],"processes,":[193],"reducing":[194],"energy":[195],"consumption":[196],"carbon-based":[198],"emissions.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2023-05-20T00:00:00"}