{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367599025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16050235","title":"Official International Mahjong: A New Playground for AI Research","display_name":"Official International Mahjong: A New Playground for AI Research","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367599025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16050235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16050235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16050235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/5/235/pdf?version=1683188407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/5/235/pdf?version=1683188407","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036352356","display_name":"Yunlong Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-5130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlong Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397214","display_name":"Wenxin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1744-7792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mahjong International League, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland","School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahjong International League, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425944","display_name":"Wenlong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5351-7076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenxin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mahjong International League, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland","School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahjong International League, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenlong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenlong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mahjong International League, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland","School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahjong International League, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenlong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenlong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mahjong International League, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland","School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahjong International League, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100425944"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.1274,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80437804,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"235","last_page":"235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7587470412254333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.712893545627594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6054837703704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5270652770996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5255616903305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.42983996868133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4253951907157898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.35800379514694214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.10760736465454102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09030270576477051}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7587470412254333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.712893545627594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6054837703704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5270652770996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5255616903305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42983996868133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4253951907157898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35800379514694214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10760736465454102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09030270576477051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16050235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16050235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/5/235/pdf?version=1683188407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d6598a470b614a70849db97d1b06d380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d6598a470b614a70849db97d1b06d380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 16, Iss 5, p 235 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/16/5/235/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16050235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 16; Issue 5; Pages: 235","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16050235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16050235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/5/235/pdf?version=1683188407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367599025.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484734702","https://openalex.org/W1636614024","https://openalex.org/W1969483458","https://openalex.org/W1982977005","https://openalex.org/W2113351146","https://openalex.org/W2119717200","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2260756217","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2574978968","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2773381986","https://openalex.org/W2809129829","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2911296969","https://openalex.org/W2960876848","https://openalex.org/W3107951310","https://openalex.org/W4291414411","https://openalex.org/W4297789683","https://openalex.org/W6613957760","https://openalex.org/W6629139623","https://openalex.org/W6636830426","https://openalex.org/W6681187623","https://openalex.org/W6743367460","https://openalex.org/W6785535465"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368605798","https://openalex.org/W2518037665","https://openalex.org/W2348524959","https://openalex.org/W2477036161","https://openalex.org/W2368049389","https://openalex.org/W2170801710","https://openalex.org/W2384861574","https://openalex.org/W2952704802","https://openalex.org/W4294565801","https://openalex.org/W2142306706"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Games":[0],"have":[1,31],"long":[2],"been":[3,32,50,74],"benchmarks":[4],"and":[5,19,48,67,86,138,151,162,179,210],"testbeds":[6],"for":[7,56,203],"AI":[8,35,57,82,91,108,124,141,184,204],"research.":[9,83],"In":[10,84],"recent":[11],"years,":[12],"with":[13,105],"the":[14,20,41,78,97,114,118,128,136,144,155,182],"development":[15],"of":[16,40,80,93,100,140],"new":[17,201],"algorithms":[18,137],"boost":[21],"in":[22,46,77,103,121,131,143,159],"computational":[23],"power,":[24],"many":[25],"popular":[26,43],"games":[27,44],"played":[28,45],"by":[29,34],"humans":[30],"solved":[33],"systems.":[36],"Mahjong":[37,101,123],"is":[38],"one":[39],"most":[42],"China":[47],"has":[49,73],"spread":[51],"worldwide,":[52],"which":[53],"presents":[54],"challenges":[55],"research":[58,205],"due":[59,206],"to":[60,116,126,207],"its":[61,208],"multi-agent":[62],"nature,":[63],"rich":[64],"hidden":[65],"information,":[66],"complex":[68],"scoring":[69],"rules,":[70,102],"but":[71],"it":[72],"somehow":[75],"overlooked":[76],"community":[79],"game":[81,161,197],"2020":[85],"2022,":[87],"we":[88,146],"held":[89,175],"two":[90],"competitions":[92],"Official":[94],"International":[95],"Mahjong,":[96],"standard":[98],"variant":[99],"conjunction":[104],"a":[106,176,200],"top-tier":[107],"conference":[109],"called":[110],"IJCAI.":[111],"We":[112,173,193],"are":[113,154],"first":[115],"adopt":[117],"duplicate":[119],"format":[120],"evaluating":[122],"agents":[125,142],"mitigate":[127],"high":[129],"variance":[130],"this":[132,160,196],"game.":[133],"By":[134],"comparing":[135],"performance":[139],"competitions,":[145],"conclude":[147],"that":[148,181,195],"supervised":[149],"learning":[150,153],"reinforcement":[152],"current":[156],"state-of-the-art":[157],"methods":[158,168],"perform":[163],"much":[164],"better":[165],"than":[166],"heuristic":[167],"based":[169],"on":[170],"human":[171,191],"knowledge.":[172],"also":[174],"human-versus-AI":[177],"competition":[178],"found":[180],"top":[183],"agent":[185],"still":[186],"could":[187],"not":[188],"beat":[189],"professional":[190],"players.":[192],"claim":[194],"can":[198],"be":[199],"benchmark":[202],"complexity":[209],"popularity":[211],"among":[212],"people.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
