{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327973727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16030166","title":"Framework for Evaluating Potential Causes of Health Risk Factors Using Average Treatment Effect and Uplift Modelling","display_name":"Framework for Evaluating Potential Causes of Health Risk Factors Using Average Treatment Effect and Uplift Modelling","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327973727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16030166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16030166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16030166","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/3/166/pdf?version=1679627939","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/3/166/pdf?version=1679627939","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073284540","display_name":"Daniela Galatro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0934-7492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Galatro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028747146","display_name":"Rosario Trigo-Ferre","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosario Trigo-Ferre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086067854","display_name":"Allana Nakashook-Zettler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allana Nakashook-Zettler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074993323","display_name":"V. Costanzo-\u00c1lvarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0818-2139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Costanzo-Alvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007008229","display_name":"Melanie Jeffrey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melanie Jeffrey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Indigenous Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Indigenous Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074090656","display_name":"Maria J\u00e1come","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2073-8400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181942792","display_name":"Humber Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/05xv2md42","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181942792"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Jacome","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Humber Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, Toronto, ON M9W 5L7, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Humber Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, Toronto, ON M9W 5L7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181942792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009267491","display_name":"Jason Bazylak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Bazylak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089189620","display_name":"Cristina H. Amon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4314-8120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina H. Amon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada","Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074993323"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.3634,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80635763,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"166","last_page":"166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9725000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9725000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14393","display_name":"Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging","score":0.9700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causation","display_name":"Causation","score":0.7863937616348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.5387414693832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.5347691178321838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4193112254142761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3869432806968689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.37098464369773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2963525056838989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.26372236013412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20274794101715088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.09969866275787354}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166151441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4923601","display_name":"Causation","level":2,"score":0.7863937616348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.5387414693832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5347691178321838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4193112254142761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3869432806968689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.37098464369773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2963525056838989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.26372236013412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20274794101715088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.09969866275787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16030166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16030166","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/3/166/pdf?version=1679627939","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/127138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/127138","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/ad6c6b13-9916-4d67-8a0f-08d4de5dca60/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055458","display_name":"TSpace","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2eac61b87da0430fa245f735d98ce5b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2eac61b87da0430fa245f735d98ce5b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 16, Iss 3, p 166 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/16/3/166/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16030166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 16; Issue 3; Pages: 166","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16030166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16030166","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/3/166/pdf?version=1679627939","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4515207065","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","funder_display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01gavpb45"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4327973727.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549764850","https://openalex.org/W1568390176","https://openalex.org/W1723129825","https://openalex.org/W1828391070","https://openalex.org/W1967359153","https://openalex.org/W1977546312","https://openalex.org/W1978791469","https://openalex.org/W1988708581","https://openalex.org/W1992450549","https://openalex.org/W2016804868","https://openalex.org/W2025095916","https://openalex.org/W2026406983","https://openalex.org/W2035755802","https://openalex.org/W2040135550","https://openalex.org/W2057606815","https://openalex.org/W2067443060","https://openalex.org/W2071244728","https://openalex.org/W2087189388","https://openalex.org/W2101785904","https://openalex.org/W2114519342","https://openalex.org/W2117117986","https://openalex.org/W2121022548","https://openalex.org/W2126292488","https://openalex.org/W2147734153","https://openalex.org/W2157362502","https://openalex.org/W2253470886","https://openalex.org/W2281397941","https://openalex.org/W2323008387","https://openalex.org/W2790997422","https://openalex.org/W2796947044","https://openalex.org/W2900896432","https://openalex.org/W3200783752","https://openalex.org/W4207049683","https://openalex.org/W4289528791","https://openalex.org/W4306874564","https://openalex.org/W4308733989"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201448254","https://openalex.org/W4286970243","https://openalex.org/W2066431708","https://openalex.org/W3164785079","https://openalex.org/W2005716819","https://openalex.org/W2167694785","https://openalex.org/W2483499669","https://openalex.org/W2500483545","https://openalex.org/W1968819517","https://openalex.org/W3111873788"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Acute":[0],"myeloid":[1],"leukemia":[2],"(AML)":[3],"is":[4,76,89,101],"a":[5,97,136],"type":[6],"of":[7,25,32,64,79,171,191],"blood":[8],"cancer":[9],"that":[10],"affects":[11],"both":[12],"adults":[13],"and":[14,40,73,143,155,177],"children.":[15,29],"Benzene":[16],"exposure":[17,39,151],"has":[18,42],"been":[19,43],"reported":[20],"to":[21,57,82,92,103,127,146,152,157,166],"increase":[22],"the":[23,33,46,65,77,172,189],"risk":[24,52,71],"developing":[26],"AML":[27],"in":[28,45,106,194],"The":[30],"assessment":[31],"potential":[34],"relationship":[35],"between":[36,69,179],"environmental":[37,70],"benzene":[38,153],"childhood":[41,158],"documented":[44],"literature":[47],"using":[48,138],"odds":[49],"ratios":[50],"and/or":[51],"ratios,":[53],"with":[54],"data":[55],"fitted":[56],"unconditional":[58],"logistic":[59],"regression.":[60],"A":[61],"common":[62],"feature":[63],"studies":[66],"involving":[67],"relationships":[68],"factors":[72],"health":[74,196],"outcomes":[75],"lack":[78],"proper":[80],"analysis":[81,88,170],"evidence":[83,147],"causation.":[84],"Although":[85],"statistical":[86],"causal":[87,119],"commonly":[90],"used":[91],"determine":[93],"causation":[94,105,148,162],"by":[95],"evaluating":[96],"distribution\u2019s":[98],"parameters,":[99],"it":[100],"challenging":[102],"infer":[104],"complex":[107],"systems":[108],"from":[109],"single":[110],"correlation":[111],"coefficients.":[112],"Machine":[113],"learning":[114],"(ML)":[115],"approaches,":[116],"based":[117],"on":[118],"pattern":[120],"recognition,":[121],"can":[122],"provide":[123],"an":[124],"accurate":[125],"alternative":[126],"model":[128],"counterfactual":[129],"scenarios.":[130],"In":[131],"this":[132,167,192],"work,":[133],"we":[134],"propose":[135],"framework":[137],"average":[139],"treatment":[140],"effect":[141],"(ATE)":[142],"Uplift":[144],"modeling":[145],"when":[149,163],"relating":[150],"indoors":[154,165],"outdoors":[156],"AML,":[159],"effectively":[160],"predicting":[161,195],"exposed":[164],"contaminant.":[168],"An":[169],"assumptions,":[173],"cross-validation,":[174],"sample":[175],"size,":[176],"interaction":[178],"predictors":[180],"are":[181],"also":[182],"provided,":[183],"guiding":[184],"future":[185],"works":[186],"looking":[187],"at":[188],"universalization":[190],"approach":[193],"outcomes.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2023-03-21T00:00:00"}