{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311633728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15120461","title":"A Mask-Based Adversarial Defense Scheme","display_name":"A Mask-Based Adversarial Defense Scheme","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311633728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15120461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15120461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15120461","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/12/461/pdf?version=1670307507","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/12/461/pdf?version=1670307507","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101312086","display_name":"Weizhen Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weizhen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054109702","display_name":"Chenyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3054-5883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chenyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055683784","display_name":"Fangzhen Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-789X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangzhen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067489790","display_name":"Liangda Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6435-6570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangda Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054109702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.4163,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69245143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"12","first_page":"461","last_page":"461"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9300973415374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7659280896186829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6947346329689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.6530357003211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.5912551879882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5009660720825195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48270225524902344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.45516857504844666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4141632914543152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4009261727333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3677562177181244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36437106132507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13608750700950623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9300973415374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7659280896186829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6947346329689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.6530357003211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.5912551879882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5009660720825195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48270225524902344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45516857504844666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4141632914543152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4009261727333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3677562177181244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36437106132507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13608750700950623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15120461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15120461","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/12/461/pdf?version=1670307507","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d0a4e4450e734fc9956abf0a753c4dd9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d0a4e4450e734fc9956abf0a753c4dd9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 15, Iss 12, p 461 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/15/12/461/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15120461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 15; Issue 12; Pages: 461","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15120461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15120461","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/12/461/pdf?version=1670307507","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1477544716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guangdong","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1492587858","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019KTSCX010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2184496412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021A1515011873","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3011155338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3644230227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019KTSCX010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3997555243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"kx202007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4033404732","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62077028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6043047068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202102080307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6213199558","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202102080307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7604565779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021A1515011873","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7784664358","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"kx202007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8472234227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021A1515011873","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G884477021","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62077028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311633728.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311633728.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1883420340","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2335728318","https://openalex.org/W2607219512","https://openalex.org/W2610190180","https://openalex.org/W2618043096","https://openalex.org/W2640329709","https://openalex.org/W2765233338","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2774018344","https://openalex.org/W2783692467","https://openalex.org/W2931476954","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2998293245","https://openalex.org/W3034537217","https://openalex.org/W3035182590","https://openalex.org/W3087293208","https://openalex.org/W3102720581","https://openalex.org/W4220825149","https://openalex.org/W4226165525","https://openalex.org/W4283212640","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4394663350","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6719080892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950183588","https://openalex.org/W3080754722","https://openalex.org/W3093978547","https://openalex.org/W2953536436","https://openalex.org/W3203790781","https://openalex.org/W4313346231","https://openalex.org/W2738001131","https://openalex.org/W4285785480","https://openalex.org/W2997056298","https://openalex.org/W4298079292"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adversarial":[0],"attacks":[1],"hamper":[2],"the":[3,36,57,60,64,73,84,127,132,138,142,147,155,172],"functionality":[4],"and":[5,126],"accuracy":[6,164],"of":[7,47,59,118,124,141,146],"deep":[8],"neural":[9],"networks":[10],"(DNNs)":[11],"by":[12,52,165],"meddling":[13],"with":[14,88,159],"subtle":[15],"perturbations":[16,82],"to":[17,34,80,105,171],"their":[18],"inputs.":[19,178],"In":[20,152],"this":[21,113],"work,":[22],"we":[23],"propose":[24],"a":[25,48,71,106,116,122],"new":[26],"mask-based":[27],"adversarial":[28,40,50,90,149,177],"defense":[29,91,139],"scheme":[30],"(MAD)":[31],"for":[32,121],"DNNs":[33,143],"mitigate":[35],"negative":[37],"effect":[38],"from":[39],"attacks.":[41],"Our":[42],"method":[43,94,134],"preprocesses":[44],"multiple":[45],"copies":[46],"potential":[49],"image":[51],"applying":[53],"random":[54],"masking,":[55],"before":[56],"outputs":[58],"DNN":[61,119,156],"on":[62,83,115],"all":[63,145],"randomly":[65],"masked":[66],"images":[67],"are":[68],"combined.":[69],"As":[70],"result,":[72],"combined":[74],"final":[75],"output":[76],"becomes":[77],"more":[78],"tolerant":[79],"minor":[81],"original":[85,173],"input.":[86],"Compared":[87],"existing":[89],"techniques,":[92],"our":[93],"does":[95],"not":[96],"need":[97],"any":[98,103],"additional":[99],"denoising":[100],"structure":[101],"or":[102],"change":[104],"DNN\u2019s":[107],"architectural":[108],"design.":[109],"We":[110],"have":[111],"tested":[112,148],"approach":[114],"collection":[117],"models":[120,157,174],"variety":[123],"datasets,":[125],"experimental":[128],"results":[129],"confirm":[130],"that":[131],"proposed":[133],"can":[135,161],"effectively":[136],"improve":[137,162],"abilities":[140],"against":[144],"attack":[150],"methods.":[151],"certain":[153],"scenarios,":[154],"trained":[158],"MAD":[160],"classification":[163],"as":[166,168],"much":[167],"90%":[169],"compared":[170],"when":[175],"given":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}