{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283838197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15070236","title":"Automatic Classification of Foot Thermograms Using Machine Learning Techniques","display_name":"Automatic Classification of Foot Thermograms Using Machine Learning Techniques","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283838197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15070236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15070236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15070236","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/7/236/pdf?version=1658717736","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/7/236/pdf?version=1658717736","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083616781","display_name":"V\u00edtor Filipe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3747-6577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"V\u00edtor Filipe","raw_affiliation_strings":["INESC TEC\u2014INESC Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3747-6577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC\u2014INESC Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043369612","display_name":"Pedro Teixeira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9955-1977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Teixeira","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9955-1977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042280480","display_name":"Ana Paula Teixeira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5817-3818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Teixeira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics Centre CMAT, Pole CMAT\u2014UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal","School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics Centre CMAT, Pole CMAT\u2014UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083616781"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":2.4729,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89235437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"236","last_page":"236"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11227","display_name":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-foot","display_name":"Diabetic foot","score":0.7495671510696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6532536745071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5850479006767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foot","display_name":"Foot (prosody)","score":0.5727617144584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5409536957740784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.45918840169906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amputation","display_name":"Amputation","score":0.42881423234939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.41109055280685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3893411159515381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3777027130126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.3224884867668152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.09808838367462158}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777858829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52856","display_name":"Diabetic foot","level":3,"score":0.7495671510696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6532536745071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5850479006767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115076146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651051","display_name":"Foot (prosody)","level":2,"score":0.5727617144584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5409536957740784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.45918840169906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776204877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477415","display_name":"Amputation","level":2,"score":0.42881423234939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.41109055280685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3893411159515381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3777027130126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.3224884867668152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.09808838367462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15070236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15070236","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/7/236/pdf?version=1658717736","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d36ce1aaa564908b5a9b91775c6b5b1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d36ce1aaa564908b5a9b91775c6b5b1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 15, Iss 7, p 236 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/15/7/236/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15070236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 15; Issue 7; Pages: 236","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15070236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15070236","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/7/236/pdf?version=1658717736","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5837411685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/00013/2020 and UIDP/00013/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6738320923","display_name":"Center of Mathematics of the University of Minho","funder_award_id":"UIDB/00013/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G675164129","display_name":"Center of Mathematics of the University of Minho","funder_award_id":"UIDP/00013/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283838197.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283838197.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607867650","https://openalex.org/W1827261456","https://openalex.org/W1873332500","https://openalex.org/W1983922716","https://openalex.org/W2039486440","https://openalex.org/W2043737947","https://openalex.org/W2055821135","https://openalex.org/W2066824806","https://openalex.org/W2077332544","https://openalex.org/W2101537144","https://openalex.org/W2107101366","https://openalex.org/W2133643452","https://openalex.org/W2578551198","https://openalex.org/W2762001532","https://openalex.org/W2766531670","https://openalex.org/W2796244495","https://openalex.org/W2949619821","https://openalex.org/W2985252154","https://openalex.org/W3003831794","https://openalex.org/W3012934857","https://openalex.org/W3089549987","https://openalex.org/W3200152448","https://openalex.org/W4214495121","https://openalex.org/W4220761448","https://openalex.org/W6639175750","https://openalex.org/W6783609050"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2364863060","https://openalex.org/W53984234","https://openalex.org/W2418966622","https://openalex.org/W2474099925","https://openalex.org/W2735572264","https://openalex.org/W2995787872","https://openalex.org/W4388073528","https://openalex.org/W2375549631","https://openalex.org/W2347618812","https://openalex.org/W3031691025"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"foot":[1,19,107,131,154,177],"is":[2,13,56,132,150],"one":[3],"of":[4,18,68,70,73,158,218],"the":[5,16,46,66,71,91,103,106,127,130,144,188,211,215,225],"main":[6],"complications":[7],"observed":[8],"in":[9,90,99,126,143],"diabetic":[10,74,138,153,185,189,219],"patients;":[11],"it":[12],"associated":[14],"with":[15,187],"development":[17],"ulcers":[20],"and":[21,42,75,80,86,115,203,214],"can":[22,228],"lead":[23],"to":[24,28,34,48,84,136,169,174,181,232],"amputation.":[25],"In":[26,59,82,102],"order":[27,83],"diagnose":[29],"these":[30],"complications,":[31],"specialists":[32],"have":[33],"analyze":[35],"several":[36],"factors.":[37],"To":[38],"aid":[39,233],"their":[40],"decisions":[41],"help":[43],"prevent":[44],"mistakes,":[45],"resort":[47],"computer-assisted":[49],"diagnostic":[50],"systems":[51],"using":[52],"artificial":[53],"intelligence":[54],"techniques":[55],"gradually":[57],"increasing.":[58],"this":[60],"paper,":[61],"two":[62,124],"different":[63],"models":[64,167],"for":[65,118,205],"classification":[67,148,209],"thermograms":[69,108],"feet":[72],"healthy":[76,114,140,183,212],"individuals":[77],"are":[78,97,109],"proposed":[79,166,226],"compared.":[81],"detect":[85],"classify":[87,175],"abnormal":[88],"changes":[89],"plantar":[92],"temperature,":[93],"machine":[94],"learning":[95],"algorithms":[96],"used":[98],"both":[100,165],"models.":[101],"first":[104,128,216],"model,":[105],"classified":[110,133],"into":[111,155,192],"four":[112],"classes:":[113],"three":[116,156,193],"categories":[117],"diabetics.":[119],"The":[120,161],"second":[121,145],"model":[122],"has":[123],"stages:":[125],"stage,":[129,146],"as":[134,179],"belonging":[135,180],"a":[137,147,176,182,206,230],"or":[139,184],"individual,":[141,186],"while,":[142],"refinement":[149],"conducted,":[151],"classifying":[152],"classes":[157],"progressive":[159],"severity.":[160],"results":[162,222],"show":[163],"that":[164,224],"proved":[168],"be":[170,229],"efficient,":[171],"allowing":[172],"us":[173],"thermogram":[178],"ones":[190],"divided":[191],"classes;":[194],"however,":[195],"when":[196],"compared,":[197],"Model":[198,201],"2":[199],"outperforms":[200],"1":[202],"allows":[204],"better":[207],"performance":[208],"concerning":[210],"category":[213],"class":[217],"individuals.":[220],"These":[221],"demonstrate":[223],"methodology":[227],"tool":[231],"medical":[234],"diagnosis.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2022-07-07T00:00:00"}
