{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4301692788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15050169","title":"Stimulation Montage Achieves Balanced Focality and Intensity","display_name":"Stimulation Montage Achieves Balanced Focality and Intensity","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4301692788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15050169"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15050169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15050169","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/5/169/pdf?version=1653041521","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/5/169/pdf?version=1653041521","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058440809","display_name":"Yushan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-3028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yushan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomimetic Research Lab, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomimetic Research Lab, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112786030","display_name":"Jonathan P. Brand","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Brand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomimetic Research Lab, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomimetic Research Lab, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009313373","display_name":"Wentai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9845-8743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142207940","display_name":"California NanoSystems Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q7fqf35","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142207940","https://openalex.org/I154570441","https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wentai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomimetic Research Lab, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomimetic Research Lab, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142207940","https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009313373"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142207940","https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.248,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53702283,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"169","last_page":"169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcranial-direct-current-stimulation","display_name":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation","score":0.852480411529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6601877808570862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6017611026763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.5784941911697388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromodulation","display_name":"Neuromodulation","score":0.5547394752502441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5404911637306213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulation","display_name":"Stimulation","score":0.5103620886802673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.4781951904296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-stimulation","display_name":"Brain stimulation","score":0.4330170154571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-brain-stimulation","display_name":"Deep brain stimulation","score":0.42976099252700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.4173433780670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3610476851463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19250938296318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.17613175511360168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.13107019662857056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10130646824836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0782926082611084}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777803708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603398","display_name":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation","level":3,"score":0.852480411529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6601877808570862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6017611026763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5784941911697388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780375056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905905","display_name":"Neuromodulation","level":3,"score":0.5547394752502441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5404911637306213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.5103620886802673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4781951904296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985799443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955838","display_name":"Brain stimulation","level":3,"score":0.4330170154571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778542668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618076","display_name":"Deep brain stimulation","level":4,"score":0.42976099252700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.4173433780670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3610476851463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19250938296318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.17613175511360168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13107019662857056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10130646824836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0782926082611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779734285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11085","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15050169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15050169","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/5/169/pdf?version=1653041521","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6b06b78c1ff64f0babd97e6c12ce9455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6b06b78c1ff64f0babd97e6c12ce9455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 169 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/15/5/169/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15050169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 15; Issue 5; Pages: 169","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15050169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15050169","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/5/169/pdf?version=1653041521","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4301692788.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4301692788.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24656705","https://openalex.org/W1608084254","https://openalex.org/W1970163214","https://openalex.org/W1978696437","https://openalex.org/W1991904995","https://openalex.org/W1995665032","https://openalex.org/W2007021711","https://openalex.org/W2007547215","https://openalex.org/W2016579767","https://openalex.org/W2050764916","https://openalex.org/W2061731019","https://openalex.org/W2062741660","https://openalex.org/W2063765279","https://openalex.org/W2082779261","https://openalex.org/W2086556140","https://openalex.org/W2096590617","https://openalex.org/W2098039847","https://openalex.org/W2102351818","https://openalex.org/W2106537679","https://openalex.org/W2107603750","https://openalex.org/W2109047032","https://openalex.org/W2109355532","https://openalex.org/W2114738547","https://openalex.org/W2115738445","https://openalex.org/W2120749582","https://openalex.org/W2124659975","https://openalex.org/W2126906058","https://openalex.org/W2129346844","https://openalex.org/W2166073443","https://openalex.org/W2239356467","https://openalex.org/W2346587012","https://openalex.org/W2398442876","https://openalex.org/W2425755063","https://openalex.org/W2537495366","https://openalex.org/W2555999182","https://openalex.org/W2558937877","https://openalex.org/W2608347887","https://openalex.org/W2647320653","https://openalex.org/W2742207218","https://openalex.org/W2793657920","https://openalex.org/W2898682959","https://openalex.org/W2908460620","https://openalex.org/W2914611537","https://openalex.org/W2949119193","https://openalex.org/W2951949976","https://openalex.org/W2965034093","https://openalex.org/W2972844663","https://openalex.org/W3044896036","https://openalex.org/W3083932917","https://openalex.org/W4236563572"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009943748","https://openalex.org/W2790156845","https://openalex.org/W3157381604","https://openalex.org/W2891896600","https://openalex.org/W2037415880","https://openalex.org/W4250149432","https://openalex.org/W4210562450","https://openalex.org/W2963170894","https://openalex.org/W3109080428","https://openalex.org/W1978747821"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transcranial":[0],"direct":[1],"current":[2,19],"stimulation":[3,50,55,87],"(tDCS)":[4],"is":[5,45,94,155],"a":[6,16,65,73,78],"non-invasive":[7],"neuromodulation":[8],"technique":[9],"to":[10,20,26,47,82],"treat":[11],"brain":[12],"disorders":[13],"by":[14],"using":[15,77],"constant,":[17],"low":[18],"stimulate":[21],"targeted":[22],"cortex":[23],"regions.":[24],"Compared":[25],"the":[27,84,98,104,117,137,142,152],"conventional":[28],"tDCS":[29,38],"that":[30,97,116,136],"uses":[31],"two":[32],"large":[33],"pad":[34],"electrodes,":[35],"multiple":[36],"electrode":[37],"has":[39],"recently":[40],"received":[41],"more":[42],"attention.":[43],"It":[44],"able":[46],"achieve":[48],"better":[49,131],"performance":[51,99],"in":[52,163],"terms":[53],"of":[54,68,100,144],"intensity":[56,88],"and":[57,70,89,103,130,146,158],"focality.":[58,90,132],"In":[59],"this":[60],"paper,":[61],"we":[62],"first":[63],"establish":[64],"computational":[66],"model":[67],"tDCS,":[69],"then":[71],"propose":[72],"novel":[74],"optimization":[75],"algorithm":[76,106,119],"regularization":[79],"matrix":[80],"\u03bb":[81],"explore":[83],"balance":[85],"between":[86],"The":[91,113],"simulation":[92],"study":[93],"designed":[95],"such":[96],"state-of-the-art":[101],"algorithms":[102],"proposed":[105,118],"can":[107],"be":[108,160],"compared":[109],"via":[110],"quantitative":[111],"evaluation.":[112],"results":[114,138],"show":[115],"not":[120],"only":[121],"achieves":[122],"desired":[123],"intensity,":[124],"but":[125],"also":[126],"smaller":[127],"target":[128],"error":[129],"Robustness":[133],"analysis":[134],"indicates":[135],"are":[139],"stable":[140],"within":[141],"ranges":[143],"scalp":[145],"cerebrospinal":[147],"fluid":[148],"(CSF)":[149],"conductivities,":[150],"while":[151],"skull":[153],"conductivity":[154],"most":[156],"sensitive":[157],"should":[159],"carefully":[161],"considered":[162],"real":[164],"clinical":[165],"applications.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-10-05T00:00:00"}