{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220826571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15030089","title":"A Contrastive Learning Method for the Visual Representation of 3D Point Clouds","display_name":"A Contrastive Learning Method for the Visual Representation of 3D Point Clouds","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220826571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15030089"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15030089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15030089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/3/89/pdf?version=1646811948","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/3/89/pdf?version=1646811948","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755257","display_name":"Feng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8069-0053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066282713","display_name":"Jieyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1013-557X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jieyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","Mobile Network Application Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobile Network Application Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080774773","display_name":"Zhengyi Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4150-4734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengyi Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066282713"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.3174,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45884859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"89","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9645000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.947700023651123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.789047360420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7709428668022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6350476145744324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6017206311225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.5815718173980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5213229060173035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5129949450492859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.49418070912361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.47124797105789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.4650512933731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4557807147502899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4485899806022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4469527006149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.43201449513435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.27703726291656494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11975815892219543}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.789047360420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7709428668022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6350476145744324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6017206311225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5815718173980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5213229060173035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5129949450492859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.49418070912361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.47124797105789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.4650512933731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4557807147502899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4485899806022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4469527006149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.43201449513435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.27703726291656494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11975815892219543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15030089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15030089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/3/89/pdf?version=1646811948","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0cd82899a1184d2b8220eac1af635cad","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0cd82899a1184d2b8220eac1af635cad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 15, Iss 3, p 89 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/15/3/89/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15030089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 15; Issue 3; Pages: 89","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15030089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15030089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/3/89/pdf?version=1646811948","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2712694244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LQ21F020009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G298008255","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62071260","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4648515267","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62006131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8978602207","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LZ22F021112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220826571.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W343636949","https://openalex.org/W2072723786","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2338532005","https://openalex.org/W2784996692","https://openalex.org/W2796426482","https://openalex.org/W2799191197","https://openalex.org/W2890462169","https://openalex.org/W2950642167","https://openalex.org/W2962824366","https://openalex.org/W2963719584","https://openalex.org/W2964062501","https://openalex.org/W2964228567","https://openalex.org/W2991485494","https://openalex.org/W3003159499","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3023371261","https://openalex.org/W3027758526","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3116959466","https://openalex.org/W3175593095","https://openalex.org/W3180095048","https://openalex.org/W7015890786"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093104230","https://openalex.org/W4390874210","https://openalex.org/W4384918963","https://openalex.org/W2128027845","https://openalex.org/W4386184937","https://openalex.org/W4394728283","https://openalex.org/W1493875009","https://openalex.org/W2105231718","https://openalex.org/W4388844349","https://openalex.org/W2019680624"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0],"present,":[1],"the":[2,8,19,27,34,47,60,76,83,91,95,103,107,110,122,125,128,138,141,150,153,161,166,180,190,200,205,216,224,238,255,267,271],"unsupervised":[3,192],"visual":[4,54,61,268],"representation":[5,62,269],"learning":[6,35,49],"of":[7,29,36,50,63,85,98,106,112,124,143,152,189,199,212,232,250,258,270],"point":[9,52,64,69,86,273],"cloud":[10,53,65,70,87,274],"model":[11,108,157,168,275],"is":[12,73,100,132,135,158,169,184,203,220],"mainly":[13],"based":[14],"on":[15,160,179,215],"generative":[16,20,256],"methods,":[17],"but":[18],"methods":[21],"pay":[22],"too":[23],"much":[24],"attention":[25],"to":[26,115,137],"details":[28],"each":[30],"point,":[31],"thus":[32],"ignoring":[33],"semantic":[37],"information.":[38],"Therefore,":[39],"this":[40,263],"paper":[41],"proposes":[42],"a":[43],"discriminative":[44],"method":[45,240,257,264],"for":[46,171],"contrastive":[48,154],"three-dimensional":[51,272],"representations,":[55],"which":[56,79,134,260],"can":[57,80,265],"effectively":[58,81],"learn":[59,266],"models.":[66],"The":[67,156,176,210,229,246],"self-attention":[68],"capsule":[71,93,126],"network":[72,139],"designed":[74],"as":[75],"backbone":[77],"network,":[78,127],"extract":[82],"features":[84,99,117,251],"data.":[88],"By":[89],"compressing":[90],"digital":[92],"layer,":[94],"class":[96],"dependence":[97],"eliminated,":[101],"and":[102,109,145,165,173,195,234,248],"generalization":[104],"ability":[105,111],"feature":[113],"queues":[114],"store":[116],"are":[118,252],"improved.":[119],"Aiming":[120],"at":[121],"equivariance":[123],"Jaccard":[129],"loss":[130],"function":[131],"constructed,":[133],"conducive":[136],"distinguishing":[140],"characteristics":[142],"positive":[144],"negative":[146],"samples,":[147],"thereby":[148],"improving":[149],"performance":[151,243],"learning.":[155],"pre-trained":[159,167],"ShapeNetCore":[162],"data":[163,182,202,218],"set,":[164],"used":[170],"classification":[172,177,206,233],"segmentation":[174,214,235],"tasks.":[175],"accuracy":[178,207],"ModelNet40":[181],"set":[183,219],"0.1%":[185],"higher":[186,222],"than":[187,223,254],"that":[188,237,262],"best":[191,225],"method,":[193,227],"PointCapsNet,":[194,259],"when":[196],"only":[197],"10%":[198],"label":[201],"used,":[204],"exceeds":[208],"80%.":[209],"mIoU":[211],"part":[213],"ShapeNet":[217],"1.2%":[221],"comparison":[226],"MulUnsupervised.":[228],"experimental":[230],"results":[231],"show":[236],"proposed":[239],"has":[241],"good":[242],"in":[244],"accuracy.":[245],"alignment":[247],"uniformity":[249],"better":[253],"proves":[261],"more":[276],"effectively.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2022-04-03T00:00:00"}