{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213128339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15030074","title":"Machine Learning-Based Monitoring of DC-DC Converters in Photovoltaic Applications","display_name":"Machine Learning-Based Monitoring of DC-DC Converters in Photovoltaic Applications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213128339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15030074"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15030074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15030074","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/3/74/pdf?version=1645606539","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/3/74/pdf?version=1645606539","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078187048","display_name":"Marco Bindi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9749-602X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Bindi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9749-602X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056195247","display_name":"Fabio Corti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8888-0388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27483092","display_name":"University of Perugia","ror":"https://ror.org/00x27da85","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Corti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052101553","display_name":"Igor Aizenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5994-6568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55707380","display_name":"Manhattan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xhnzg94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55707380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Igor Aizenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY 10471, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY 10471, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55707380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021219850","display_name":"Francesco Grasso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8697-2091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Grasso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8697-2091","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012792294","display_name":"Gabriele Maria Lozito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7987-0487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriele Maria Lozito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7987-0487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008924460","display_name":"Antonio Luchetta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4319-1495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Luchetta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4319-1495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074559814","display_name":"Maria Cristina Piccirilli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-1990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Cristina Piccirilli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-1990","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027205013","display_name":"Alberto Reatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1921-6568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Reatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1921-6568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078187048"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.8374,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84707397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"74","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10228","display_name":"Multilevel Inverters and Converters","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.8429679870605469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.7873731851577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6662919521331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testability","display_name":"Testability","score":0.5767956972122192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4723851680755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.45339372754096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.43690991401672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3239809572696686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.265531063079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.23926499485969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.17237979173660278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1648545265197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13870027661323547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.8429679870605469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.7873731851577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6662919521331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51234621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2149495","display_name":"Testability","level":2,"score":0.5767956972122192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4723851680755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.45339372754096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43690991401672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3239809572696686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.265531063079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.23926499485969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.17237979173660278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1648545265197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13870027661323547}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15030074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15030074","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/3/74/pdf?version=1645606539","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9a50a05d0b224cc0b9ecf932ef0c5f3f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9a50a05d0b224cc0b9ecf932ef0c5f3f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 15, Iss 3, p 74 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1258320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1258320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/15/3/74/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15030074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 15; Issue 3; Pages: 74","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15030074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15030074","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/3/74/pdf?version=1645606539","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213128339.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213128339.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585539754","https://openalex.org/W1972276332","https://openalex.org/W1973576519","https://openalex.org/W2001965107","https://openalex.org/W2036778492","https://openalex.org/W2048361500","https://openalex.org/W2066616305","https://openalex.org/W2080723425","https://openalex.org/W2081097129","https://openalex.org/W2088707858","https://openalex.org/W2158016563","https://openalex.org/W2468082373","https://openalex.org/W2532316928","https://openalex.org/W2571767508","https://openalex.org/W2754252319","https://openalex.org/W2772840959","https://openalex.org/W2786939404","https://openalex.org/W2838005699","https://openalex.org/W2891926284","https://openalex.org/W2899171575","https://openalex.org/W2985671154","https://openalex.org/W3000152658","https://openalex.org/W3000733201","https://openalex.org/W3003343037","https://openalex.org/W3081995349","https://openalex.org/W3084233525","https://openalex.org/W3091939691","https://openalex.org/W3121620586","https://openalex.org/W3126961950","https://openalex.org/W3131798020","https://openalex.org/W3138347316","https://openalex.org/W3173542715","https://openalex.org/W3190427269","https://openalex.org/W3191976088","https://openalex.org/W3195523817","https://openalex.org/W6640627788","https://openalex.org/W6782645160","https://openalex.org/W6791748753"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355927362","https://openalex.org/W1985227211","https://openalex.org/W2567803707","https://openalex.org/W2168661518","https://openalex.org/W2033648216","https://openalex.org/W2367315857","https://openalex.org/W2222308731","https://openalex.org/W2992977501","https://openalex.org/W2143930673","https://openalex.org/W2235709829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,80],"this":[1,84,119,139,172],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,77,86,109,129,143,151,165],"monitoring":[4,74,176],"method":[5,75,177],"for":[6,67,200],"DC-DC":[7,201],"converters":[8],"in":[9,118,160,183],"photovoltaic":[10,78],"applications":[11],"is":[12,17,37,60,91,126],"presented.":[13],"The":[14,33,114,136,156],"primary":[15],"goal":[16],"to":[18,53,62,76,82,121,148,191],"prevent":[19],"catastrophic":[20],"failures":[21],"by":[22],"detecting":[23],"malfunctioning":[24],"conditions":[25,125],"during":[26],"the":[27,30,46,64,68,73,94,97,102,123,161,175,179,184,189,193],"operation":[28],"of":[29,48,89,96,112,138,150,181],"electrical":[31],"system.":[32,79],"proposed":[34,61],"prognostic":[35,69],"procedure":[36],"based":[38,127],"on":[39,45,101,128,142],"machine":[40],"learning":[41],"techniques":[42],"and":[43,71,93,171,196],"focuses":[44],"variations":[47],"passive":[49],"components":[50],"with":[51,133],"respect":[52],"their":[54],"nominal":[55],"range.":[56],"A":[57],"theoretical":[58],"study":[59],"choose":[63],"best":[65],"measurements":[66,104],"analysis":[70],"adapt":[72],"order":[81],"facilitate":[83],"study,":[85],"graphical":[87,110],"assessment":[88],"testability":[90],"presented,":[92],"effects":[95],"variable":[98],"solar":[99],"irradiance":[100],"selected":[103],"are":[105,146],"also":[106],"considered":[107],"from":[108],"point":[111],"view.":[113],"main":[115],"technique":[116],"presented":[117],"paper":[120],"identify":[122],"malfunction":[124],"Multilayer":[130],"neural":[131],"network":[132],"Multi-Valued":[134],"Neurons.":[135],"performances":[137],"classifier":[140],"applied":[141],"Zeta":[144],"converter":[145],"compared":[147],"those":[149],"Support":[152],"Vector":[153],"Machine":[154],"algorithm.":[155],"simulations":[157],"carried":[158],"out":[159],"Simulink":[162],"environment":[163],"show":[164],"classification":[166],"rate":[167],"higher":[168],"than":[169],"90%,":[170],"means":[173],"that":[174],"allows":[178],"identification":[180],"problems":[182],"initial":[185],"phases,":[186],"thus":[187],"guaranteeing":[188],"possibility":[190],"change":[192],"work":[194],"set-up":[195],"organize":[197],"maintenance":[198],"operations":[199],"converters.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
