{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3106831306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13120310","title":"Experimenting the Automatic Recognition of Non-Conventionalized Units in Sign Language","display_name":"Experimenting the Automatic Recognition of Non-Conventionalized Units in Sign Language","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3106831306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13120310","mag":"3106831306"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a13120310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13120310","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/12/310/pdf?version=1606998749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/12/310/pdf?version=1606998749","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015834017","display_name":"Valentin Belissen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-2408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I277688954","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","ror":"https://ror.org/03xjwb503","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I277688954"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115485","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la M\u00e9canique et les Sciences de l'Ing\u00e9nieur","ror":"https://ror.org/01raq4x89","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210115485","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valentin Belissen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LIMSI, 91400 Orsay, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LIMSI, 91400 Orsay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210115485","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081939612","display_name":"Annelies Braffort","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4595-7714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I277688954","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","ror":"https://ror.org/03xjwb503","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I277688954"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115485","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la M\u00e9canique et les Sciences de l'Ing\u00e9nieur","ror":"https://ror.org/01raq4x89","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210115485","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annelies Braffort","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LIMSI, 91400 Orsay, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LIMSI, 91400 Orsay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210115485","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063490126","display_name":"Mich\u00e8le Gouiff\u00e8s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7152-4640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I277688954","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","ror":"https://ror.org/03xjwb503","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I277688954"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115485","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la M\u00e9canique et les Sciences de l'Ing\u00e9nieur","ror":"https://ror.org/01raq4x89","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210115485","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mich\u00e8le Gouiff\u00e8s","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LIMSI, 91400 Orsay, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LIMSI, 91400 Orsay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210115485","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015834017"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210115485"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":926,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":998},"fwci":0.3041,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59604779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"310","last_page":"310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9508000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7996066212654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.7305231094360352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5948183536529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utterance","display_name":"Utterance","score":0.5847616791725159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5107722282409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iconicity","display_name":"Iconicity","score":0.47289836406707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.46956562995910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.46204113960266113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.42745858430862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4142431318759918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4113791882991791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12403035163879395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7996066212654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.7305231094360352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5948183536529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775852435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258403","display_name":"Utterance","level":2,"score":0.5847616791725159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5107722282409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175475021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1483324","display_name":"Iconicity","level":2,"score":0.47289836406707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.46956562995910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46204113960266113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.42745858430862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4142431318759918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4113791882991791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12403035163879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a13120310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13120310","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/12/310/pdf?version=1606998749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03060271v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03060271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, 2020, 13, pp.310-345. &#x27E8;10.3390/a13120310&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b04c43f8309846579888a99babc31bc9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b04c43f8309846579888a99babc31bc9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 13, Iss 12, p 310 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/13/12/310/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a13120310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 13; Issue 12; Pages: 310","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a13120310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13120310","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/12/310/pdf?version=1606998749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3106831306.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3106831306.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W587572603","https://openalex.org/W1518102394","https://openalex.org/W1584603102","https://openalex.org/W1585340570","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W1977539462","https://openalex.org/W1980856985","https://openalex.org/W2022316096","https://openalex.org/W2081721061","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2110640136","https://openalex.org/W2121996250","https://openalex.org/W2122399640","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2149705965","https://openalex.org/W2188882108","https://openalex.org/W2240136199","https://openalex.org/W2250670799","https://openalex.org/W2250689755","https://openalex.org/W2250716345","https://openalex.org/W2255781698","https://openalex.org/W2265587364","https://openalex.org/W2295038166","https://openalex.org/W2463640844","https://openalex.org/W2547612310","https://openalex.org/W2548212871","https://openalex.org/W2559085405","https://openalex.org/W2572152393","https://openalex.org/W2587277634","https://openalex.org/W2746301562","https://openalex.org/W2755802490","https://openalex.org/W2759302818","https://openalex.org/W2766936964","https://openalex.org/W2788334925","https://openalex.org/W2799020610","https://openalex.org/W2806392442","https://openalex.org/W2895638065","https://openalex.org/W2899035956","https://openalex.org/W2902596162","https://openalex.org/W2941870244","https://openalex.org/W2948139159","https://openalex.org/W2949662773","https://openalex.org/W2950094539","https://openalex.org/W2963488642","https://openalex.org/W2963873475","https://openalex.org/W2964184470","https://openalex.org/W2964253156","https://openalex.org/W2964304707","https://openalex.org/W2964452558","https://openalex.org/W2965778995","https://openalex.org/W2966344125","https://openalex.org/W2966395094","https://openalex.org/W2986687971","https://openalex.org/W3015075688","https://openalex.org/W3019615955","https://openalex.org/W3029356692","https://openalex.org/W3104792420","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6903738663"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2347752225","https://openalex.org/W2753706566","https://openalex.org/W2385441730","https://openalex.org/W1996446167","https://openalex.org/W2384830070","https://openalex.org/W4308995510","https://openalex.org/W2389488896","https://openalex.org/W2096201985","https://openalex.org/W2001250385","https://openalex.org/W1989687946"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sign":[0,52,179],"Languages":[1],"(SLs)":[2],"are":[3,14,44],"visual\u2013gestural":[4],"languages":[5],"that":[6,22],"have":[7],"developed":[8,117],"naturally":[9],"in":[10,50,125],"deaf":[11],"communities.":[12],"They":[13],"based":[15,142],"on":[16,58,143,154],"the":[17,34,40,69,79,87,98,104,131,155,163,166,171],"use":[18,80],"of":[19,36,71,81,100,106,123,130,157,165,177],"lexical":[20,59],"signs,":[21,60],"is,":[23],"conventionalized":[24],"units,":[25],"as":[26,28,103],"well":[27],"highly":[29],"iconic":[30,73],"structures,":[31],"i.e.,":[32],"when":[33],"form":[35],"an":[37,138],"utterance":[38],"and":[39,67,74,89,120,134,169],"meaning":[41],"it":[42],"carries":[43],"not":[45],"independent.":[46],"Although":[47],"most":[48],"research":[49],"automatic":[51,101],"Language":[53,180],"Recognition":[54,181],"(SLR)":[55],"has":[56],"focused":[57,153],"we":[61,116,161],"wish":[62],"to":[63],"broaden":[64],"this":[65],"perspective":[66],"consider":[68],"recognition":[70,105,156],"non-conventionalized":[72],"syntactic":[75],"elements.":[76],"We":[77,95],"propose":[78],"corpora":[82],"made":[83],"by":[84,127],"linguists":[85],"like":[86],"finely":[88],"consistently":[90],"annotated":[91],"dialogue":[92],"corpus":[93],"Dicta-Sign-LSF-v2.":[94],"then":[96,137],"redefined":[97],"problem":[99],"SLR":[102],"linguistic":[107,159],"descriptors,":[108,160],"with":[109],"carefully":[110],"thought":[111],"out":[112],"performance":[113],"metrics.":[114],"Moreover,":[115],"a":[118,144,151,174],"compact":[119],"generalizable":[121],"representation":[122],"signers":[124],"videos":[126],"parallel":[128],"processing":[129],"hands,":[132],"face":[133],"upper":[135],"body,":[136],"adapted":[139],"learning":[140],"architecture":[141],"Recurrent":[145],"Convolutional":[146],"Neural":[147],"Network":[148],"(RCNN).":[149],"Through":[150],"study":[152],"four":[158],"show":[162],"soundness":[164],"proposed":[167],"approach":[168],"pave":[170],"way":[172],"for":[173],"wider":[175],"understanding":[176],"Continuous":[178],"(CSLR).":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
