{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3020998221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13050109","title":"Evolution of SOMs\u2019 Structure and Learning Algorithm: From Visualization of High-Dimensional Data to Clustering of Complex Data","display_name":"Evolution of SOMs\u2019 Structure and Learning Algorithm: From Visualization of High-Dimensional Data to Clustering of Complex Data","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3020998221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13050109","mag":"3020998221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a13050109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13050109","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/5/109/pdf?version=1588224948","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/5/109/pdf?version=1588224948","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065962325","display_name":"Marian B. Gorza\u0142czany","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1174-3953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169109204","display_name":"Kielce University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zywja13","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169109204"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marian B. Gorza\u0142czany","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169109204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074134615","display_name":"Filip Rudzi\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3719-6572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169109204","display_name":"Kielce University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zywja13","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169109204"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filip Rudzi\u0144ski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169109204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065962325"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169109204"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.2651,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61577939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"109","last_page":"109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10637","display_name":"Advanced Clustering Algorithms Research","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.837270975112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8195675015449524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6113656759262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6017501354217529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5884203314781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.509077250957489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.49087125062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-organizing-map","display_name":"Self-organizing map","score":0.4497143030166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.44664108753204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4415871798992157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39803484082221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3797525465488434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3703632652759552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10361230373382568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.837270975112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8195675015449524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6113656759262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6017501354217529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5884203314781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.509077250957489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.49087125062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111168008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136838","display_name":"Self-organizing map","level":3,"score":0.4497143030166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.44664108753204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4415871798992157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39803484082221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3797525465488434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3703632652759552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10361230373382568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a13050109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13050109","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/5/109/pdf?version=1588224948","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d7d34bc71f3f4d7992003e784a8cf82c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d7d34bc71f3f4d7992003e784a8cf82c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 109 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/13/5/109/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a13050109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a13050109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13050109","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/5/109/pdf?version=1588224948","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3020998221.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3020998221.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65738273","https://openalex.org/W82421285","https://openalex.org/W431560030","https://openalex.org/W647878487","https://openalex.org/W1486029005","https://openalex.org/W1505038480","https://openalex.org/W1599562453","https://openalex.org/W1851056973","https://openalex.org/W1967550647","https://openalex.org/W2006493416","https://openalex.org/W2010150441","https://openalex.org/W2047870719","https://openalex.org/W2048365415","https://openalex.org/W2089844711","https://openalex.org/W2103540631","https://openalex.org/W2110802877","https://openalex.org/W2131618573","https://openalex.org/W2138754805","https://openalex.org/W2142363274","https://openalex.org/W2150811404","https://openalex.org/W2157709461","https://openalex.org/W2165948731","https://openalex.org/W2539796555","https://openalex.org/W2556301711","https://openalex.org/W2583100213","https://openalex.org/W2623143961","https://openalex.org/W2626119717","https://openalex.org/W2752665455","https://openalex.org/W2887550561","https://openalex.org/W2915008197","https://openalex.org/W2947221304","https://openalex.org/W2956088604","https://openalex.org/W2963686046","https://openalex.org/W2999638199","https://openalex.org/W3008448718","https://openalex.org/W4213245259","https://openalex.org/W4245176872","https://openalex.org/W4250987722","https://openalex.org/W4288084056","https://openalex.org/W6680294583"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034551444","https://openalex.org/W2023416609","https://openalex.org/W2051216975","https://openalex.org/W2120447654","https://openalex.org/W2977179488","https://openalex.org/W2982550593","https://openalex.org/W1844640764","https://openalex.org/W2144453115","https://openalex.org/W2128223750","https://openalex.org/W4238532390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,174],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"briefly":[4],"present":[5],"several":[6],"modifications":[7,109],"and":[8,82,115,127,148,195],"generalizations":[9,185],"of":[10,13,98,107,122,131,173,182,200],"the":[11,100,105,112,117,139,168,198],"concept":[12],"self-organizing":[14,20],"neural":[15],"networks\u2014usually":[16],"referred":[17,76],"to":[18,34,77,163],"as":[19,59,61,78],"maps":[21],"(SOMs)\u2014to":[22],"illustrate":[23],"their":[24,189],"advantages":[25,199],"in":[26,96,155,167],"applications":[27],"that":[28,138],"range":[29,106],"from":[30,39],"high-dimensional":[31],"data":[32,36,133],"visualization":[33],"complex":[35,157],"clustering.":[37],"Starting":[38],"conventional":[40],"SOMs,":[41],"Growing":[42,45,51,54],"SOMs":[43,68,80,84],"(GSOMs),":[44],"Grid":[46,50],"Networks":[47],"(GGNs),":[48],"Incremental":[49],"(IGG)":[52],"approach,":[53],"Neural":[55],"Gas":[56],"(GNG)":[57],"method":[58],"well":[60],"our":[62,201],"two":[63],"original":[64,141,180,203],"solutions,":[65,142],"i.e.,":[66,143],"Generalized":[67,83],"with":[69,73,85,89,145,150],"1-Dimensional":[70],"Neighborhood":[71],"(GeSOMs":[72,88],"1DN":[74,146],"also":[75,136],"Dynamic":[79],"(DSOMs))":[81],"Tree-Like":[86],"Structures":[87],"T-LSs)":[90],"are":[91,94,186,193,205],"discussed.":[92,196],"They":[93],"characterized":[95],"terms":[97],"(i)":[99],"modification":[101],"mechanisms":[102],"used,":[103],"(ii)":[104],"network":[108],"introduced,":[110],"(iii)":[111],"structure":[113],"regularity,":[114],"(iv)":[116],"data-visualization/data-clustering":[118],"effectiveness.":[119],"The":[120,171],"performance":[121],"particular":[123,183],"solutions":[124,204],"is":[125,176],"illustrated":[126],"compared":[128],"by":[129,160],"means":[130],"selected":[132],"sets.":[134],"We":[135],"show":[137],"proposed":[140],"GeSOMs":[144],"(DSOMs)":[147],"GeSOMS":[149],"T-LSs":[151],"outperform":[152],"alternative":[153],"approaches":[154],"various":[156],"clustering":[158,169],"tasks":[159],"providing":[161],"up":[162],"20":[164],"%":[165],"increase":[166],"accuracy.":[170],"contribution":[172],"work":[175],"threefold.":[177],"First,":[178],"algorithm-oriented":[179],"computer-implementations":[181],"SOM\u2019s":[184],"developed.":[187],"Second,":[188],"detailed":[190],"simulation":[191],"results":[192],"presented":[194],"Third,":[197],"earlier-mentioned":[202],"demonstrated.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
