{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999368888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13010026","title":"A Soft-Voting Ensemble Based Co-Training Scheme Using Static Selection for Binary Classification Problems","display_name":"A Soft-Voting Ensemble Based Co-Training Scheme Using Static Selection for Binary Classification Problems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999368888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13010026","mag":"2999368888"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a13010026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13010026","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/1/26/pdf?version=1579762760","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/1/26/pdf?version=1579762760","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073119708","display_name":"Stamatis Karlos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5307-6186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stamatis Karlos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Software Development Laboratory (ESDLab), Department of Mathematics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Software Development Laboratory (ESDLab), Department of Mathematics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027660188","display_name":"Georgios Kostopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-0099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Kostopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Software Development Laboratory (ESDLab), Department of Mathematics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Software Development Laboratory (ESDLab), Department of Mathematics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066370772","display_name":"Sotiris Kotsiantis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2247-3082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sotiris Kotsiantis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Software Development Laboratory (ESDLab), Department of Mathematics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Software Development Laboratory (ESDLab), Department of Mathematics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073119708"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":6.4462,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97174766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"26","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.7499854564666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7353865504264832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6966907382011414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6408557891845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.6283280849456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6187039613723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-subspace-method","display_name":"Random subspace method","score":0.5771879553794861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5431226491928101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5358480215072632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/majority-rule","display_name":"Majority rule","score":0.5146980881690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.4986457824707031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighted-voting","display_name":"Weighted voting","score":0.4871651828289032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.44942545890808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.43482616543769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.42490479350090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.24320197105407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15808412432670593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.7499854564666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7353865504264832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6966907382011414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6408557891845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.6283280849456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6187039613723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106135958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7291993","display_name":"Random subspace method","level":3,"score":0.5771879553794861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5431226491928101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5358480215072632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.5146980881690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.4986457824707031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132778050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2065430","display_name":"Weighted voting","level":4,"score":0.4871651828289032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.44942545890808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43482616543769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.42490479350090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.24320197105407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15808412432670593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a13010026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13010026","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/1/26/pdf?version=1579762760","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2a1ac0932b4f4e6b8aaa21913d5c72f1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2a1ac0932b4f4e6b8aaa21913d5c72f1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 13, Iss 1, p 26 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/13/1/26/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a13010026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a13010026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a13010026","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/1/26/pdf?version=1579762760","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999368888.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999368888.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479807131","https://openalex.org/W1531349928","https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1577983635","https://openalex.org/W1581164117","https://openalex.org/W1590227036","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W1964874140","https://openalex.org/W1965524806","https://openalex.org/W1968817125","https://openalex.org/W1988844742","https://openalex.org/W1990334093","https://openalex.org/W1992239190","https://openalex.org/W2000792642","https://openalex.org/W2016023958","https://openalex.org/W2037603696","https://openalex.org/W2044074081","https://openalex.org/W2047261304","https://openalex.org/W2048679005","https://openalex.org/W2050055089","https://openalex.org/W2051046643","https://openalex.org/W2058307353","https://openalex.org/W2079359777","https://openalex.org/W2087240369","https://openalex.org/W2087561864","https://openalex.org/W2090093112","https://openalex.org/W2092481996","https://openalex.org/W2094490861","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2103647733","https://openalex.org/W2106701323","https://openalex.org/W2112397593","https://openalex.org/W2118277177","https://openalex.org/W2129838208","https://openalex.org/W2133556223","https://openalex.org/W2139851341","https://openalex.org/W2140959043","https://openalex.org/W2146396044","https://openalex.org/W2147169507","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2161638512","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2290190008","https://openalex.org/W2487770199","https://openalex.org/W2499292135","https://openalex.org/W2547164840","https://openalex.org/W2549107842","https://openalex.org/W2570107029","https://openalex.org/W2588246945","https://openalex.org/W2590019597","https://openalex.org/W2607671544","https://openalex.org/W2626134199","https://openalex.org/W2736021185","https://openalex.org/W2747926381","https://openalex.org/W2769249101","https://openalex.org/W2802709838","https://openalex.org/W2802960931","https://openalex.org/W2808462996","https://openalex.org/W2809841383","https://openalex.org/W2883977858","https://openalex.org/W2888546277","https://openalex.org/W2891844314","https://openalex.org/W2892065670","https://openalex.org/W2892147200","https://openalex.org/W2899125615","https://openalex.org/W2921451329","https://openalex.org/W2936653833","https://openalex.org/W2938483072","https://openalex.org/W2963705386","https://openalex.org/W2969195612","https://openalex.org/W3016230452","https://openalex.org/W3101477643","https://openalex.org/W3102982376","https://openalex.org/W3145506661","https://openalex.org/W4210997624","https://openalex.org/W4232478844","https://openalex.org/W4244238212","https://openalex.org/W4245608963","https://openalex.org/W6607259140","https://openalex.org/W6631855320","https://openalex.org/W6634531529","https://openalex.org/W6636501900","https://openalex.org/W6647676880","https://openalex.org/W6648257227","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6739866501","https://openalex.org/W7011821996","https://openalex.org/W7033163993"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2913388591","https://openalex.org/W2905430408","https://openalex.org/W2375074607","https://openalex.org/W2915435096","https://openalex.org/W2142995730","https://openalex.org/W206413454","https://openalex.org/W2352792442","https://openalex.org/W2083259201","https://openalex.org/W2997514867","https://openalex.org/W88722211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,121],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"a":[3,15,27,31,41,49,62,116,124,132,152,174,197,201,218],"forward-looking":[4],"subfield":[5],"of":[6,17,33,44,52,102,115,146,156,169,176,192,203,208,220,236],"machine":[7],"learning":[8,21,170],"has":[9],"emerged":[10],"with":[11,48,110],"important":[12],"applications":[13],"in":[14,55,96],"variety":[16],"scientific":[18],"fields.":[19],"Semi-supervised":[20],"is":[22,61,137,151,212],"increasingly":[23],"being":[24],"recognized":[25],"as":[26,86,223],"burgeoning":[28],"area":[29],"embracing":[30],"plethora":[32,219],"efficient":[34,58],"methods":[35,160],"and":[36,240],"algorithms":[37],"seeking":[38],"to":[39,85,164,186],"exploit":[40],"small":[42],"pool":[43,51,202],"labeled":[45],"examples":[46],"together":[47],"large":[50],"unlabeled":[53],"ones":[54],"the":[56,70,103,111,144,147,166,180,188,209,227,234],"most":[57,189],"way.":[59],"Co-training":[60],"representative":[63],"semi-supervised":[64],"classification":[65,141,237],"algorithm":[66,105],"originally":[67],"based":[68,195],"on":[69,196,217],"assumption":[71,91],"that":[72],"each":[73],"example":[74],"can":[75,92],"be":[76,94],"described":[77],"by":[78,172,226],"two":[79,157],"distinct":[80],"feature":[81,119,134],"sets,":[82],"usually":[83],"referred":[84],"views.":[87],"Since":[88],"such":[89],"an":[90],"hardly":[93],"met":[95],"real":[97],"world":[98],"problems,":[99,142],"several":[100,215],"variants":[101],"co-training":[104,128],"have":[106],"been":[107],"proposed":[108,210],"dealing":[109],"absence":[112],"or":[113],"existence":[114],"naturally":[117],"two-view":[118],"split.":[120],"this":[122],"context,":[123],"Static":[125,181],"Selection":[126,183],"Ensemble-based":[127],"scheme":[129,211],"operating":[130],"under":[131],"random":[133],"split":[135],"strategy":[136],"outlined":[138],"regarding":[139],"binary":[140],"where":[143],"type":[145],"base":[148],"ensemble":[149,193],"learner":[150],"soft-Voting":[153],"one":[154],"composed":[155],"participants.":[158],"Ensemble":[159,182],"are":[161],"commonly":[162],"used":[163],"boost":[165],"predictive":[167],"performance":[168],"models":[171],"using":[173],"set":[175],"different":[177],"classifiers,":[178],"while":[179],"approach":[184],"seeks":[185],"find":[187],"suitable":[190],"structure":[191],"classifier":[194],"specific":[198],"criterion":[199],"through":[200,214],"candidate":[204],"classifiers.":[205],"The":[206],"efficacy":[207],"verified":[213],"experiments":[216],"benchmark":[221],"datasets":[222],"statistically":[224],"confirmed":[225],"Friedman":[228],"Aligned":[229],"Ranks":[230],"non-parametric":[231],"test":[232],"over":[233],"behavior":[235],"accuracy,":[238],"F1-score,":[239],"Area":[241],"Under":[242],"Curve":[243],"metrics.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}