{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982372777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12110227","title":"Facial Expression Recognition Based on Auxiliary Models","display_name":"Facial Expression Recognition Based on Auxiliary Models","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982372777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12110227","mag":"2982372777"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12110227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12110227","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/11/227/pdf?version=1572512049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/11/227/pdf?version=1572512049","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381022","display_name":"Yingying Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8805-6724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingying Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8805-6724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100724411","display_name":"Yibin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5906-5074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yibin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651809","display_name":"Yong Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2505-2766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025820722","display_name":"Xuewen Rong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuewen Rong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100724411"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.7054,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85629626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"11","first_page":"227","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7756199240684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.764184832572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-hallucination","display_name":"Face hallucination","score":0.7616081237792969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6891918182373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.6513546109199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.6468221545219421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6417298316955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.6107081174850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.57615727186203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5321015119552612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5264951586723328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5198548436164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.47691771388053894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4702027440071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4491923153400421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression-recognition","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","score":0.44698572158813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.3833957612514496}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7756199240684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.764184832572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54654163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428359","display_name":"Face hallucination","level":5,"score":0.7616081237792969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6891918182373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.6513546109199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6468221545219421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6417298316955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.6107081174850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.57615727186203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5321015119552612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5264951586723328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5198548436164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.47691771388053894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4702027440071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4491923153400421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987714656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","level":4,"score":0.44698572158813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.3833957612514496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12110227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12110227","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/11/227/pdf?version=1572512049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a2089618cd3c43df896e5bab3401aada","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a2089618cd3c43df896e5bab3401aada","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 12, Iss 11, p 227 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/12/11/227/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12110227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12110227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12110227","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/11/227/pdf?version=1572512049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8932005972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61573213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G915367209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61673245","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2982372777.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2982372777.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1801433707","https://openalex.org/W1839932345","https://openalex.org/W1979377847","https://openalex.org/W1999348785","https://openalex.org/W2003238582","https://openalex.org/W2058098602","https://openalex.org/W2060230335","https://openalex.org/W2070574643","https://openalex.org/W2083021723","https://openalex.org/W2086415992","https://openalex.org/W2094011994","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2119024906","https://openalex.org/W2145310492","https://openalex.org/W2154716422","https://openalex.org/W2162280462","https://openalex.org/W2171366262","https://openalex.org/W2198512331","https://openalex.org/W2217426128","https://openalex.org/W2244142460","https://openalex.org/W2246249023","https://openalex.org/W2270626504","https://openalex.org/W2378023456","https://openalex.org/W2479639417","https://openalex.org/W2520342164","https://openalex.org/W2550929906","https://openalex.org/W2581082139","https://openalex.org/W2613956936","https://openalex.org/W2614041639","https://openalex.org/W2621864722","https://openalex.org/W2730601341","https://openalex.org/W2737398044","https://openalex.org/W2799483986","https://openalex.org/W2904483377","https://openalex.org/W2971794874","https://openalex.org/W3034751874","https://openalex.org/W3102749295","https://openalex.org/W3122143620","https://openalex.org/W3144058330","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6645159912","https://openalex.org/W6685524898","https://openalex.org/W6778907217"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W3661898","https://openalex.org/W2116055069","https://openalex.org/W2559836198","https://openalex.org/W2357640304","https://openalex.org/W2169777806","https://openalex.org/W2356663679","https://openalex.org/W3186105911","https://openalex.org/W2163686929","https://openalex.org/W3101555032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,52,66],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"with":[3],"the":[4,18,55,63,91,109,116,120,133,140,153,171],"development":[5],"of":[6,22,33,90,135],"artificial":[7],"intelligence":[8],"and":[9,20,41,85,87,127,152,191],"human\u2013computer":[10],"interaction,":[11],"more":[12,162],"attention":[13],"has":[14],"been":[15],"paid":[16],"to":[17,169],"recognition":[19,46,172],"analysis":[21],"facial":[23,37,44,79,185],"expressions.":[24],"Despite":[25],"much":[26],"great":[27],"success,":[28],"there":[29],"are":[30,39],"a":[31,49,101,146],"lot":[32],"unsatisfying":[34],"problems,":[35],"because":[36],"expressions":[38],"subtle":[40],"complex.":[42],"Hence,":[43],"expression":[45,186],"is":[47,59,113,167],"still":[48],"challenging":[50],"problem.":[51],"most":[53,200],"papers,":[54],"entire":[56,110,154],"face":[57,92,111,155],"image":[58,112,156],"often":[60],"chosen":[61],"as":[62,82,94,115],"input":[64,118],"information.":[65],"our":[67],"daily":[68],"life,":[69],"people":[70],"can":[71,160],"perceive":[72],"other\u2019s":[73],"current":[74],"emotions":[75],"only":[76,117],"by":[77,157],"several":[78],"components":[80],"(such":[81,93],"eye,":[83],"mouth":[84],"nose),":[86],"other":[88],"areas":[89],"hair,":[95],"skin":[96],"tone,":[97],"ears,":[98],"etc.)":[99],"play":[100],"smaller":[102],"role":[103],"in":[104,132],"determining":[105],"one\u2019s":[106],"emotion.":[107],"If":[108],"used":[114],"information,":[119],"system":[121],"will":[122],"produce":[123],"some":[124,129],"unnecessary":[125],"information":[126,131,165],"miss":[128],"important":[130,163],"process":[134],"feature":[136,164],"extraction.":[137],"To":[138],"solve":[139],"above":[141],"problem,":[142],"this":[143],"paper":[144],"proposes":[145],"method":[147,176,195],"that":[148,166],"combines":[149],"multiple":[150],"sub-regions":[151],"weighting,":[158],"which":[159],"capture":[161],"conducive":[168],"improving":[170],"accuracy.":[173],"Our":[174],"proposed":[175],"was":[177],"evaluated":[178],"based":[179],"on":[180],"four":[181],"well-known":[182],"publicly":[183],"available":[184],"databases:":[187],"JAFFE,":[188],"CK+,":[189],"FER2013":[190],"SFEW.":[192],"The":[193],"new":[194],"showed":[196],"better":[197],"performance":[198],"than":[199],"state-of-the-art":[201],"methods.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}