{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971894154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12090184","title":"Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearing Using Multiscale Amplitude-Aware Permutation Entropy and Random Forest","display_name":"Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearing Using Multiscale Amplitude-Aware Permutation Entropy and Random Forest","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971894154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12090184","mag":"2971894154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12090184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12090184","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/9/184/pdf?version=1568251189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/9/184/pdf?version=1568251189","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054492030","display_name":"Yinsheng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3418-2485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinsheng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Measurement and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China","The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3418-2485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Measurement and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002814806","display_name":"Tinghao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tinghao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081718963","display_name":"Wenjie Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5863-9737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Measurement and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China","The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Measurement and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103620879","display_name":"Zhongming Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhongming Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Measurement and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China","The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Measurement and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111712623","display_name":"Kun Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Measurement and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China","The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Measurement and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103620879"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.7919,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90851619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"184","last_page":"184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7267872095108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vibration","display_name":"Vibration","score":0.662982702255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.6137310862541199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bearing","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","score":0.5393185019493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5376670360565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5281550884246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.5267419219017029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5080869197845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48195740580558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-entropy","display_name":"Sample entropy","score":0.4457314610481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44300758838653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3491368889808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.139862060546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09921520948410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.06656816601753235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7267872095108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198394728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508","display_name":"Vibration","level":2,"score":0.662982702255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.6137310862541199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199978012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273815","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.5393185019493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5376670360565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5281550884246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.5267419219017029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5080869197845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48195740580558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66696666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105612","display_name":"Sample entropy","level":3,"score":0.4457314610481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44300758838653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3491368889808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.139862060546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09921520948410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.06656816601753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12090184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12090184","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/9/184/pdf?version=1568251189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3114eb6cbbc1410f9f879015c856ecb7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3114eb6cbbc1410f9f879015c856ecb7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 184 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/12/9/184/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12090184","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12090184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12090184","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/9/184/pdf?version=1568251189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2139864749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61803128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6094254316","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"F2016021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971894154.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1197078159","https://openalex.org/W1454493499","https://openalex.org/W1521862445","https://openalex.org/W1806901146","https://openalex.org/W1862394037","https://openalex.org/W1967352108","https://openalex.org/W2003205626","https://openalex.org/W2007221293","https://openalex.org/W2014683958","https://openalex.org/W2028119131","https://openalex.org/W2054622577","https://openalex.org/W2059088665","https://openalex.org/W2060304859","https://openalex.org/W2061116808","https://openalex.org/W2078015570","https://openalex.org/W2093266575","https://openalex.org/W2140336071","https://openalex.org/W2189002369","https://openalex.org/W2280719928","https://openalex.org/W2555142204","https://openalex.org/W2592359950","https://openalex.org/W2692693673","https://openalex.org/W2748511798","https://openalex.org/W2802686655","https://openalex.org/W2808286220","https://openalex.org/W2819539323","https://openalex.org/W2887507616","https://openalex.org/W2900338824","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2922497381","https://openalex.org/W2948275473","https://openalex.org/W2949808003","https://openalex.org/W3122798562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006708776","https://openalex.org/W3088843374","https://openalex.org/W2076258781","https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W2050076996","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W229760109","https://openalex.org/W2022287597","https://openalex.org/W1980222719"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"rolling":[1,40,43,67,154,195,211,235],"bearing":[2,44,212],"is":[3,12,58,136,156,247],"an":[4],"important":[5],"connecting":[6],"part":[7],"between":[8],"rotating":[9],"machines.":[10],"It":[11],"susceptible":[13],"to":[14,28,69,120,126,138,163,237,249],"mechanical":[15],"stress":[16],"and":[17,34,55,123,144,149,167,200,251],"wear,":[18],"which":[19],"affect":[20],"the":[21,31,36,81,88,103,140,145,165,170,201,216,231,252],"running":[22],"state":[23],"of":[24,39,66,92,153,169,194,234,243],"bearings.":[25],"In":[26,161],"order":[27,162],"effectively":[29,190],"identify":[30],"fault":[32,37,45,89,99,128,132,146,150,192,213,223,232,245,253,258],"types":[33,246],"analyze":[35,230],"severity":[38,151,233,259],"bearings,":[41],"a":[42],"diagnosis":[46,214],"method":[47,218],"based":[48],"on":[49],"multiscale":[50,85,185],"amplitude-aware":[51,115,186],"permutation":[52,116,187],"entropy":[53,188],"(MAAPE)":[54],"random":[56,141,159],"forest":[57,142],"proposed":[59,171,217],"in":[60,84,102,177],"this":[61,178],"paper.":[62,179],"The":[63,98,131,180,240],"vibration":[64,93,198],"signals":[65,94],"bearings":[68,155,196,236],"be":[70],"analyzed":[71],"are":[72,111],"decomposed":[73],"into":[74],"different":[75,96,108,257],"coarse-grained":[76,104],"time":[77,105,109],"series":[78,106],"by":[79,113],"using":[80,114],"coarse-graining":[82],"procedure":[83],"entropy,":[86],"highlighting":[87],"dynamic":[90],"characteristics":[91,119],"at":[95,107],"scales.":[97],"features":[100,193],"contained":[101],"scales":[110],"extracted":[112,202],"entropy\u2019s":[117],"sensitive":[118],"signal":[121],"amplitude":[122],"frequency":[124],"changes":[125],"form":[127],"feature":[129,133,203],"vectors.":[130],"vector":[134],"set":[135],"used":[137],"establish":[139],"multi-classifier,":[143],"type":[147,224],"identification":[148,225,241],"analysis":[152],"realized":[157],"through":[158],"forest.":[160],"demonstrate":[164],"feasibility":[166],"effectiveness":[168],"method,":[172],"experiments":[173],"were":[174],"fully":[175],"conducted":[176],"experimental":[181],"results":[182],"show":[183],"that":[184],"can":[189,229],"extract":[191],"from":[197],"signals,":[199],"vectors":[204],"have":[205],"high":[206],"separability.":[207],"Compared":[208],"with":[209],"other":[210],"methods,":[215],"not":[219],"only":[220],"has":[221],"higher":[222],"accuracy,":[226],"but":[227],"also":[228],"some":[238],"extent.":[239],"accuracy":[242,255],"four":[244],"up":[248],"96.0%":[250],"recognition":[254],"under":[256],"reached":[260],"92.8%.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}