{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2949730482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12080162","title":"Distributed Balanced Partitioning via Linear Embedding \u2020","display_name":"Distributed Balanced Partitioning via Linear Embedding \u2020","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2949730482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12080162","mag":"2949730482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12080162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12080162","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/8/162/pdf?version=1565418752","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/8/162/pdf?version=1565418752","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058678204","display_name":"Kevin Aydin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Aydin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, 76 Ninth Ave, New York, NY 10011, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, 76 Ninth Ave, New York, NY 10011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113873446","display_name":"MohammadHossein Bateni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MohammadHossein Bateni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, 76 Ninth Ave, New York, NY 10011, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, 76 Ninth Ave, New York, NY 10011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075598023","display_name":"Vahab Mirrokni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6705-5629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vahab Mirrokni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, 76 Ninth Ave, New York, NY 10011, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, 76 Ninth Ave, New York, NY 10011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058678204"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.1994,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53223645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"8","first_page":"162","last_page":"162"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-partition","display_name":"Graph partition","score":0.7057961225509644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.648809552192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6267452836036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5628953576087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-algorithm","display_name":"Distributed algorithm","score":0.474263072013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4674226939678192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-embedding","display_name":"Graph embedding","score":0.45337554812431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.43770191073417664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.43627089262008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.4254518449306488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4225258231163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38320392370224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.2608799934387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24084660410881042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.12940669059753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10662448406219482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48903430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491370","display_name":"Graph partition","level":3,"score":0.7057961225509644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.648809552192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6267452836036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5628953576087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130120984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835898","display_name":"Distributed algorithm","level":2,"score":0.474263072013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4674226939678192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75564084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5597085","display_name":"Graph embedding","level":3,"score":0.45337554812431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.43770191073417664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.43627089262008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.4254518449306488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4225258231163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38320392370224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2608799934387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24084660410881042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.12940669059753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10662448406219482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12080162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12080162","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/8/162/pdf?version=1565418752","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1512.02727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.02727","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.02727","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2949730482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.02727.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/12/8/162/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12080162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1512.02727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1512.02727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12080162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12080162","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/8/162/pdf?version=1565418752","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2949730482.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2949730482.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131283763","https://openalex.org/W199097577","https://openalex.org/W1482680420","https://openalex.org/W1503001724","https://openalex.org/W1971630691","https://openalex.org/W2001020288","https://openalex.org/W2006023152","https://openalex.org/W2007525305","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2022490362","https://openalex.org/W2034616054","https://openalex.org/W2053061798","https://openalex.org/W2070232376","https://openalex.org/W2078439445","https://openalex.org/W2080956162","https://openalex.org/W2082773934","https://openalex.org/W2086565575","https://openalex.org/W2088011174","https://openalex.org/W2101196063","https://openalex.org/W2108399535","https://openalex.org/W2129027842","https://openalex.org/W2145124007","https://openalex.org/W2148524147","https://openalex.org/W2153374077","https://openalex.org/W2159772324","https://openalex.org/W2162165238","https://openalex.org/W2167927436","https://openalex.org/W2170616854","https://openalex.org/W2229908198","https://openalex.org/W2259576664","https://openalex.org/W2288539294","https://openalex.org/W2399614914","https://openalex.org/W2401251691","https://openalex.org/W2496298831","https://openalex.org/W2563604890","https://openalex.org/W2620315948","https://openalex.org/W2768882697","https://openalex.org/W2809174576","https://openalex.org/W2949093975","https://openalex.org/W2953117652","https://openalex.org/W2964337893","https://openalex.org/W3004468478","https://openalex.org/W4251624562","https://openalex.org/W6657794752","https://openalex.org/W6676483098","https://openalex.org/W6689475862","https://openalex.org/W6761111955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2949522840","https://openalex.org/W2584369986","https://openalex.org/W2530506702","https://openalex.org/W2610729589","https://openalex.org/W2847080808","https://openalex.org/W3196860522","https://openalex.org/W3012030085","https://openalex.org/W2040662757","https://openalex.org/W2294515932","https://openalex.org/W2981547104","https://openalex.org/W2971763849","https://openalex.org/W2079206375","https://openalex.org/W2196885578","https://openalex.org/W2922527893","https://openalex.org/W2896161497","https://openalex.org/W2950542868","https://openalex.org/W2960919523","https://openalex.org/W2187572173","https://openalex.org/W2743681419","https://openalex.org/W2607108329"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Balanced":[0,288],"partitioning":[1,289,337,399],"is":[2,86,108,290],"often":[3],"a":[4,19,79,92,111,134,141,162,215,227,304,320,382,388],"crucial":[5],"first":[6,127,157],"step":[7],"in":[8,16,61,118,140,209,258,299,303,323,349,373],"solving":[9],"large-scale":[10],"graph":[11,21,94,132,211,230,361],"optimization":[12],"problems,":[13],"for":[14,159,213,272,392],"example,":[15,160,214],"some":[17],"cases,":[18,53],"big":[20],"can":[22],"be":[23,33],"chopped":[24],"into":[25,95,362],"pieces":[26,97],"that":[27,114,238,265,306],"fit":[28],"on":[29,180,226],"one":[30,445],"machine":[31],"to":[32,42,72,87,100,154,206,248,292,296,319,330,381,400,437,444],"processed":[34],"independently":[35],"before":[36],"stitching":[37],"the":[38,46,62,70,84,89,102,131,146,156,181,198,249,259,308,331,339,345,359,374,403,407,417,426],"results":[39,224,240],"together,":[40],"leading":[41],"certain":[43,433],"suboptimality":[44],"from":[45],"interaction":[47],"among":[48],"different":[49,56,172,297],"pieces.":[50],"In":[51,387,415],"other":[52,439],"links":[54,443],"between":[55],"parts":[57],"may":[58],"show":[59,237],"up":[60],"running":[63],"time":[64],"and/or":[65],"network":[66],"communications":[67],"cost,":[68],"hence":[69],"desire":[71],"have":[73,441],"small":[74],"cut":[75,104,260],"size.":[76,105],"We":[77,150,221,262],"study":[78],"distributed":[80,119,142,210,243,270],"balanced-partitioning":[81],"problem":[82,391],"where":[83,432],"goal":[85,346],"partition":[88],"vertices":[90],"of":[91,110,130,183,256,275,282,325,341,347,376,409,420,428],"given":[93],"k":[96],"so":[98],"as":[99,123,185,187],"minimize":[101],"total":[103],"Our":[106],"algorithm":[107,126],"composed":[109],"few":[112],"steps":[113],"are":[115,435],"easily":[116],"implementable":[117],"computation":[120],"frameworks":[121],"such":[122],"MapReduce.":[124],"The":[125],"embeds":[128],"nodes":[129,139],"onto":[133],"line,":[135],"and":[136,177,189,204,219,231,236,440],"then":[137],"processes":[138],"manner":[143],"guided":[144],"by":[145,312,357],"linear":[147],"embedding":[148],"order.":[149],"examine":[151],"various":[152],"ways":[153],"find":[155],"embedding,":[158],"via":[161],"hierarchical":[163,418],"clustering":[164],"or":[165],"Hilbert":[166],"curves.":[167],"Then":[168],"we":[169,196,252,278,396],"apply":[170],"four":[171],"techniques":[173,200],"including":[174],"local":[175],"swaps,":[176],"minimum":[178],"cuts":[179],"boundaries":[182],"partitions,":[184],"well":[186,424],"contraction":[188],"dynamic":[190],"programming.":[191],"As":[192],"our":[193,223,239,266,393,421],"empirical":[194],"study,":[195],"compare":[197],"above":[199],"with":[201,344,425],"each":[202,438],"other,":[203],"also":[205,263],"previous":[207,242],"work":[208,284,404],"algorithms,":[212],"label-propagation":[216,250],"method,":[217],"FENNEL":[218],"Spinner.":[220],"report":[222,253],"both":[225],"private":[228],"map":[229],"several":[232,363],"public":[233],"social":[234],"networks,":[235],"beat":[241],"algorithms:":[244],"For":[245],"instance,":[246],"compared":[247,380],"algorithm,":[251],"an":[254,368],"improvement":[255],"15\u201325%":[257],"value.":[261],"observe":[264],"algorithms":[267],"admit":[268],"scalable":[269],"implementation":[271],"any":[273],"number":[274,340,375],"partitions.":[276],"Finally,":[277],"explain":[279],"three":[280],"applications":[281],"this":[283],"at":[285],"Google:":[286],"(1)":[287],"used":[291],"route":[293],"multi-term":[294],"queries":[295,343,378],"replicas":[298],"Google":[300,332],"Search":[301],"backend":[302],"way":[305],"reduces":[307],"cache":[309],"miss":[310],"rates":[311],"\u2248":[313,369],"0.5":[314],"%":[315,371],",":[316],"which":[317],"leads":[318],"double-digit":[321],"gain":[322],"throughput":[324],"production":[326],"clusters.":[327],"(2)":[328],"Applied":[329],"Maps":[333],"Driving":[334],"Directions,":[335],"balanced":[336,398],"minimizes":[338],"cross-shard":[342,377],"saving":[348],"CPU":[350],"usage.":[351],"This":[352],"system":[353],"achieves":[354],"load":[355],"balancing":[356],"dividing":[358],"world":[360],"\u201cshards\u201d.":[364],"Live":[365],"experiments":[366],"demonstrate":[367],"40":[370],"drop":[372],"when":[379],"standard":[383],"geography-based":[384],"method.":[385],"(3)":[386],"job":[389],"scheduling":[390],"data":[394,429],"centers,":[395],"use":[397],"evenly":[401],"distribute":[402],"while":[405],"minimizing":[406],"amount":[408],"communication":[410],"across":[411],"geographically":[412],"distant":[413],"servers.":[414],"fact,":[416],"nature":[419],"solution":[422],"goes":[423],"layering":[427],"center":[430],"servers,":[431],"machines":[434],"closer":[436],"faster":[442],"another.":[446]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}