{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2966011162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12080154","title":"A Survey of Convolutional Neural Networks on Edge with Reconfigurable Computing","display_name":"A Survey of Convolutional Neural Networks on Edge with Reconfigurable Computing","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2966011162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12080154","mag":"2966011162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12080154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12080154","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/8/154/pdf?version=1564561686","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/8/154/pdf?version=1564561686","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003178960","display_name":"M\u00e1rio V\u00e9stias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8556-4507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121345201","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento","ror":"https://ror.org/04mqy3p58","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e1rio P. V\u00e9stias","raw_affiliation_strings":["INESC-ID, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1500-335 Lisboa, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8556-4507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC-ID, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1500-335 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003178960"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I203847022"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":7.7278,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":110,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9809374,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"8","first_page":"154","last_page":"154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8652291297912598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.7899749875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7778850197792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6826330423355103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6252115368843079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.6166653037071228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5491214394569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5455341935157776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4947795271873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4503367245197296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44773876667022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4298584461212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.40062248706817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3558288812637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.35052037239074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.1597004234790802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12667447328567505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8652291297912598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.7899749875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7778850197792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6826330423355103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6252115368843079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.6166653037071228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5491214394569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5455341935157776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4947795271873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4503367245197296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44773876667022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4298584461212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.40062248706817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3558288812637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.35052037239074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.1597004234790802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12667447328567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12080154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12080154","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/8/154/pdf?version=1564561686","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4a3a1c2a66ad4dfda548ee64eaf89599","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4a3a1c2a66ad4dfda548ee64eaf89599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 12, Iss 8, p 154 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/12/8/154/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12080154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.ipl.pt:10400.21/10502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10400.21/10502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402433","display_name":"Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12080154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12080154","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/8/154/pdf?version=1564561686","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34239198","https://openalex.org/W832971097","https://openalex.org/W1487564550","https://openalex.org/W1523493493","https://openalex.org/W1605005685","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2044535169","https://openalex.org/W2069143585","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2141504882","https://openalex.org/W2172654076","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2260663238","https://openalex.org/W2267635276","https://openalex.org/W2276486856","https://openalex.org/W2286365479","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2294282016","https://openalex.org/W2295680811","https://openalex.org/W2337344472","https://openalex.org/W2396572963","https://openalex.org/W2402979134","https://openalex.org/W2406293284","https://openalex.org/W2475840367","https://openalex.org/W2520083297","https://openalex.org/W2523838129","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2565125333","https://openalex.org/W2574797063","https://openalex.org/W2583383421","https://openalex.org/W2584551591","https://openalex.org/W2585774018","https://openalex.org/W2594492285","https://openalex.org/W2603836393","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2616014673","https://openalex.org/W2625954420","https://openalex.org/W2657126969","https://openalex.org/W2727238169","https://openalex.org/W2729080111","https://openalex.org/W2737762472","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2756323731","https://openalex.org/W2762374354","https://openalex.org/W2762651727","https://openalex.org/W2763421725","https://openalex.org/W2765235648","https://openalex.org/W2773339846","https://openalex.org/W2776940252","https://openalex.org/W2786031241","https://openalex.org/W2791181479","https://openalex.org/W2810861508","https://openalex.org/W2884675507","https://openalex.org/W2887782013","https://openalex.org/W2889797931","https://openalex.org/W2895540242","https://openalex.org/W2897748868","https://openalex.org/W2897800076","https://openalex.org/W2898892054","https://openalex.org/W2899675781","https://openalex.org/W2907463061","https://openalex.org/W2909929243","https://openalex.org/W2946494244","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963568120","https://openalex.org/W2977485436","https://openalex.org/W4244330903","https://openalex.org/W4251575795","https://openalex.org/W4295112409","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6713184358","https://openalex.org/W6749476480"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W4238233472","https://openalex.org/W3111395152","https://openalex.org/W4313526662","https://openalex.org/W4313463218","https://openalex.org/W3106131444","https://openalex.org/W3216099748","https://openalex.org/W4205963435","https://openalex.org/W4312996489","https://openalex.org/W3214037210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"convolutional":[1,46],"neural":[2,47],"network":[3],"(CNN)":[4],"is":[5,49,109,127],"one":[6],"of":[7,38,45,71,77,120,154,170,177,185],"the":[8,36,69,75,88,151,155,160,168,171,175,183,197],"most":[9,172],"used":[10],"deep":[11,105],"learning":[12,29,106],"models":[13],"for":[14,130,150,180,201],"image":[15],"detection":[16],"and":[17,41,99,123,139,199],"classification,":[18],"due":[19,73,134],"to":[20,26,65,74,135,159,190],"its":[21,136],"high":[22,137,145],"accuracy":[23],"when":[24],"compared":[25],"other":[27],"machine":[28],"algorithms.":[30],"CNNs":[31,62],"achieve":[32],"better":[33],"results":[34],"at":[35],"cost":[37],"higher":[39],"computing":[40,126,157,179,187],"memory":[42],"requirements.":[43],"Inference":[44],"networks":[48],"therefore":[50],"usually":[51,116],"done":[52],"in":[53,81,118],"centralized":[54],"high-performance":[55],"platforms.":[56,205],"However,":[57],"many":[58,96],"applications":[59],"based":[60],"on":[61,107,132],"are":[63,115],"migrating":[64],"edge":[66,108,113,133,203],"devices":[67,114],"near":[68],"source":[70],"data":[72,83,100],"unreliability":[76],"a":[78,85,144],"transmission":[79],"channel":[80,91],"exchanging":[82],"with":[84],"central":[86],"server,":[87],"uncertainty":[89],"about":[90],"latency":[92],"not":[93],"tolerated":[94],"by":[95],"applications,":[97],"security":[98],"privacy,":[101],"etc.":[102],"While":[103],"advantageous,":[104],"quite":[110],"challenging":[111],"because":[112],"limited":[117],"terms":[119],"performance,":[121],"cost,":[122],"energy.":[124],"Reconfigurable":[125],"being":[128],"considered":[129],"inference":[131],"performance":[138],"energy":[140],"efficiency":[141],"while":[142],"keeping":[143],"hardware":[146],"flexibility":[147],"that":[148],"allows":[149],"easy":[152],"adaption":[153],"target":[156],"platform":[158],"CNN":[161,192],"model.":[162],"In":[163],"this":[164],"paper,":[165],"we":[166],"described":[167],"features":[169],"common":[173],"CNNs,":[174,182],"capabilities":[176],"reconfigurable":[178,186,204],"running":[181],"state-of-the-art":[184],"implementations":[188],"proposed":[189],"run":[191],"models,":[193],"as":[194,196],"well":[195],"trends":[198],"challenges":[200],"future":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-08-13T07:04:57.449891","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
