{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946957423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12060113","title":"Surrogate-Based Robust Design for a Non-Smooth Radiation Source Detection Problem","display_name":"Surrogate-Based Robust Design for a Non-Smooth Radiation Source Detection Problem","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946957423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12060113","mag":"2946957423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12060113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12060113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/6/113/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/6/113/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087822910","display_name":"R\u0103zvan \u015etefanescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4591-6891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R\u0103zvan \u015etef\u0103nescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060-0902, USA","Global Validation Model Department, Spire Global, Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060-0902, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Validation Model Department, Spire Global, Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032514394","display_name":"Jason Hite","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8931-5815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Hite","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028302031","display_name":"Jared A. Cook","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jared Cook","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040088245","display_name":"Ralph C. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7434-5712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralph C. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102941229","display_name":"Carolyn Mattingly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-9436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Mattingly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087822910"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.498,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72721955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"113","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10928","display_name":"Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10928","display_name":"Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11798","display_name":"Optimal Experimental Design Methods","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6931700110435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6292732357978821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surrogate-model","display_name":"Surrogate model","score":0.5485837459564209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation","display_name":"Radiation","score":0.4684443771839142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.41059955954551697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36144399642944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2210562825202942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08316472172737122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07558003067970276}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6931700110435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6292732357978821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131675550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7646884","display_name":"Surrogate model","level":2,"score":0.5485837459564209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.4684443771839142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.41059955954551697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36144399642944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2210562825202942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08316472172737122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07558003067970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12060113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12060113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/6/113/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b002bf6340a49c5bc41c7a482624b39","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b002bf6340a49c5bc41c7a482624b39","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 12, Iss 6, p 113 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/12/6/113/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12060113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1440888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1440888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1518520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1518520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/89655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12060113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12060113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/6/113/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5960128270","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0002576","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03sk1we31"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2946957423.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2946957423.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W338288148","https://openalex.org/W609131506","https://openalex.org/W1506975760","https://openalex.org/W1540846857","https://openalex.org/W1597405158","https://openalex.org/W1970673798","https://openalex.org/W1992208280","https://openalex.org/W2002293385","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2045958967","https://openalex.org/W2064076655","https://openalex.org/W2071544114","https://openalex.org/W2085741027","https://openalex.org/W2092939357","https://openalex.org/W2109364787","https://openalex.org/W2119179880","https://openalex.org/W2131824593","https://openalex.org/W2145469851","https://openalex.org/W2159151366","https://openalex.org/W2159615879","https://openalex.org/W2402846924","https://openalex.org/W2414896368","https://openalex.org/W2471961201","https://openalex.org/W2589694351","https://openalex.org/W2964282675","https://openalex.org/W3003506411","https://openalex.org/W3198183205","https://openalex.org/W4251512373","https://openalex.org/W4251968008","https://openalex.org/W6676058556","https://openalex.org/W6679608865","https://openalex.org/W6682642761","https://openalex.org/W6903563116"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2621058457","https://openalex.org/W2912622974","https://openalex.org/W2987087830","https://openalex.org/W2953306542","https://openalex.org/W4386421932","https://openalex.org/W4304185466","https://openalex.org/W2740350000","https://openalex.org/W169386992"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,113],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,101,115],"develop":[4],"and":[5,56,59,96,117,134],"numerically":[6],"illustrate":[7],"a":[8,16,51,64,74,79,103,119],"robust":[9,120],"sensor":[10,45],"network":[11],"design":[12,121],"to":[13,33,50],"optimally":[14],"detect":[15],"radiation":[17,38,75],"source":[18,57,76,132],"in":[19,78,126],"an":[20,127],"urban":[21,86],"environment.":[22],"This":[23],"problem":[24,122],"exhibits":[25],"several":[26],"challenges:":[27],"penalty":[28],"functionals":[29],"are":[30,41,47,69],"non-smooth":[31,91],"due":[32],"the":[34,90,94],"presence":[35],"of":[36,54,67,93],"buildings,":[37],"transport":[39],"models":[40],"often":[42],"computationally":[43,97],"expensive,":[44],"locations":[46],"not":[48,70],"limited":[49],"discrete":[52],"number":[53,66],"points,":[55],"intensity":[58,135],"location":[60,133],"responses,":[61],"based":[62,107],"on":[63,108],"fixed":[65],"sensors,":[68],"unique.":[71],"We":[72],"consider":[73],"located":[77],"prototypical":[80],"250":[81],"m":[82,85],"\u00d7":[83],"180":[84],"setting.":[87],"To":[88],"address":[89],"properties":[92],"model":[95,106],"expensive":[98],"simulation":[99],"codes,":[100],"employ":[102],"verified":[104],"surrogate":[105],"radial":[109],"basis":[110],"functions.":[111],"Using":[112],"surrogate,":[114],"formulate":[116],"solve":[118],"that":[123],"is":[124],"optimal":[125],"average":[128],"sense":[129],"for":[130],"detecting":[131],"with":[136],"minimized":[137],"uncertainty.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}